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Identifikasi identitas nasional Perancis. Didasarkan pada asal-usul sejarah bangsa di Celtic, Gallo-Romawi, dan budaya kaum Frank. Nama "Perancis" awalnya digunakan untuk merujuk kepada beberapa masyarakat di Rhineland lebih rendah. Secara bertahap diperkenalkan sebagai istilah yang lebih luas untuk menunjukkan bahwa wilayah, sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Gaul, setelah invasi kaum Frank dan mundur dari Roma. Nama "Francia" telah diterapkan untuk unit berbagai wilayah sampai Abad Pertengahan, ketika itu datang untuk menandakan kerajaan yang berdaulat Perancis. identitas regional, seperti Provencal dan Breton telah hidup berdampingan dengan unit politik kontrol negara. Tingkat dimana Perancis adalah bangsa yang homogen hari ini adalah topik yang sangat ditentang. Politik dan penyatuan linguistik, khususnya melalui pendidikan massa, telah menjadi proyek yang sedang berlangsung nasionalisme. Populasi imigran terutama berasal dari Portugal dan Afrika utara, walaupun sudah ada peningkatan imigrasi dari Eropa Timur. Perancis mengambil pendekatan yang sangat asimilatif untuk populasi imigran nya. Posisi sosial Beurs (anak-anak imigran Afrika Utara) adalah isu yang sedang berlangsung. Populasi dibagi oleh kelas sosial, afiliasi partai politik, generasi, etnis, dan daerah. Setelah memiliki penduduk pedesaan yang signifikan baik ke abad kedua puluh, negara terus ditandai dengan pemecahan desa-kota.
Lokasi dan Geografi sering. Orang Prancis menyebut negara mereka sebagai segi enam untuk menggambarkan enam-sisi bentuk, dan istilah ini juga merupakan simbol bagi negara. Perancis Metropolitan memiliki luas lebih dari 200.000 mil persegi (518.000 kilometer persegi), sehingga negara terbesar Eropa Barat. Ini mencakup 5 persen dari benua Eropa. Paris adalah pusat modal dan budaya, panjang mendominasi sisa bangsa. Provinsi yang lebih tua, sekarang ulang dalam apa yang secara resmi disebut daerah, telah memainkan peran penting dalam sejarah bangsa. Saat ini ada 22 daerah. Republik Perancis mencakup empat departemen luar negeri (département-mer d 'outre DOM): Guyana Perancis, Guadeloupe, Martinique, dan Réunion. DOM ini beroperasi terutama sebagai departemen dalam sistem nasional. Ada dua kolektif teritorial: Mayotte dan Saint Pierre-et-Miquelon. meliputi Polinesia Perancis, Kaledonia Baru, Wallis, dan Futuna.
France perbatasan Andorra, Belgia, Jerman, Italia, Luksemburg, Monako, Spanyol, dan Swiss. Sementara terkait dengan daratan Eropa, negara ini terbuka untuk Atlantik ke barat. Hal ini juga memiliki pantai-pantai di Laut Mediterania di selatan dan Selat Inggris ke utara. Perancis memiliki berbagai macam medan dan iklim yang bervariasi dan geografi. Pegunungan Alpen utama di timur dan Pyrenees di barat daya. Setiap bentuk batas alam dengan bangsa lain. Massif Central adalah sebuah dataran tinggi pegunungan besar di daerah pusat, yang meliputi gunung berapi kuno daerah Auvergne. Sementara sebagian besar negara berada dalam zona sedang, daerah Mediterania dianggap memiliki iklim subtropis. Keempat sungai utama adalah Sungai Seine, Loire, Garonne, dan Rhône. Angin yang menyapu seluruh wilayah regional dan memiliki nama yang terhubung ke identitas regional, yang terkenal yang paling le Mistral di lembah Rhône.
Demografi. Pada tahun 1999, penduduk 58.518.748. Perancis memiliki kepadatan penduduk rendah dibandingkan dengan negara-negara lain di Eropa Barat. Dalam upaya untuk mempertahankan populasi Facebook, tunjangan keluarga diberikan kepada setiap keluarga per anak, tanpa pembatasan pendapatan. Ada mobilitas penduduk banyak dari perkotaan ke daerah pedesaan dan dari daerah ke daerah
France Perancis
region. wilayah. Populasi memiliki lebih dari dua kali lipat sejak pertengahan abad kesembilan belas, ketika 28,3 juta. Pasca-Perang Dunia II melihat periode kenaikan kesuburan dalam versi Perancis dari ledakan bayi, tetapi angka kelahiran mulai turun pada awal tahun 1970. Migrasi telah ditambahkan ke dalam populasi. Pada pergantian abad kedua puluh dan setelah Perang Dunia I, migrasi dicatat selama setengah pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk.
Linguistik Afiliasi. Bahasa resmi Perancis, yang sejauh ini bahasa mayoritas, yang telah dikenakan pada penduduk daerah sejak abad kesembilan belas. Regional bahasa dan dialek seperti Breton, Catalan, Korsika, Basque, Alsatian, dan Flemish masih digunakan, dan beberapa yang diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah daerah. Hukum 11 Januari 1951 diizinkan pengajaran bahasa daerah di daerah di mana mereka digunakan. Update terbaru dari kebijakan bahasa nasional mengenai pendidikan datang pada tahun 1995, yang memungkinkan pengajaran bahasa daerah di tingkat primer dan sekunder. Dalam semua kasus, ini adalah secara sukarela untuk murid.
Bangsa ini secara historis telah dibagi menjadi dua daerah linguistik: bahwa langue yang d'oeil ke utara dan bahwa dari langue d'oc ke selatan. Identitas nasional erat diidentifikasi dengan bahasa Perancis. Kemurnian bahasa secara resmi dilindungi oleh Académie Française didirikan oleh Kardinal Richelieu pada abad ketujuh belas, yang memerintah empat puluh anggota dimasukkannya kata-kata baru dalam bahasa itu. In 1966, Pada tahun 1966, pemerintah menerapkan pengamanan lebih lanjut dengan membentuk komisi pada bahasa Perancis yang berperan untuk mencegah pinjaman dari bahasa Inggris dan franglais (kombinasi dari dua bahasa). Para Toubon hukum Tahun 1994 mengamanatkan bahwa Perancis diucapkan dalam semua resmi, ruang publik kehidupan. Negara Perancis juga telah memainkan peran dalam perlindungan Francophonie global Mitterrand. Kemudian presiden François mendirikan Haut Conseil de la Francophonie tahun 1984, yang mensponsori pertemuan puncak antara negara-negara berbahasa Prancis.
Simbolisme. Simbol nasional Banyak berhubungan dengan Revolusi Perancis, yang mendirikan negara sebagai republik demokratis pada akhir abad kedelapan belas. Mereka lebih diperkuat selama Republik Ketiga pada pergantian abad kedua puluh. Dikenal sebagai tricoleur itu, bendera adalah biru, putih, dan merah. Putih dikaitkan dengan monarki, merah dengan republik, dan biru dengan Charlemagne, Clovis, dan penguasa menjadi awal lainnya. La Marseillaise lagu kebangsaan resmi pada tahun 1946. Itu ditulis di Strasbourg pada tahun 1792 namun menjadi terkait dengan Marseille ketika pasukan dari kota yang masuk Paris menyanyikan lagu itu pada tanggal 30 Juli 1792. Itu adalah lagu mengerahkan penting selama Republik Pertama tetapi tidak digunakan pada acara-acara resmi lagi sampai Republik Ketiga. Ayam Galia (le coq gaulois) menjadi terkait dengan bangsa selama Renaissance. Itu digunakan pada awalnya sebagai simbol kerajaan tetapi selama revolusi datang untuk berdiri untuk identitas bangsa. Digunakan bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu dan kadang-kadang terkait dengan sosok Liberty atau Marianne, ayam kemudian dikenal sebagai simbol bangsa selama Perang Dunia I. Hari ini sering digunakan oleh tim olahraga.
" Marianne adalah simbol republik sebagai ibu pertiwi dan berdiri untuk teriakan ", kesetaraan kebebasan, persaudaraan. Marianne menjadi simbol nasional resmi selama Republik Ketiga, meskipun angka ini perempuan dikembangkan dari simbol wanita dating kembali ke masa revolusi. Ada beberapa cara yang menggambarkan angka ini. Patung dan gambar telah digambarkan Marianne sebagai memakai helm dan pada waktu lain kap Frigia, selama Republik Ketiga, ia mulai terlihat mengenakan mahkota gandum matang. Sejak abad kesembilan belas, walikota telah menugaskan patung Marianne untuk ruang kota mereka. Sekarang patung ini menggambarkan model yang populer, yang pertama di antaranya adalah Brigitte Bardot. Model terbaru, dipilih pada tahun 1999 setelah banyak diskusi dan perdebatan, adalah aktris Laetitia Casta.
History and Ethnic Relations Sejarah dan Hubungan Etnis
Munculnya Bangsa. Munculnya bangsa modern berlangsung selama beberapa abad dan menghasilkan dari kombinasi pengaruh budaya Galia, Roma, dan kaum Frank.. Perancis dihuni terutama oleh Galia, sebuah kelompok bahasa Celtic, ketika Roma menaklukan wilayah itu dimulai pada abad pertama SM: The-Roman Gallo periode yang berakhir ketika orang-orang Frank mulai memasuki wilayah dari Jermanik timur selama lima abad, yang dipimpin oleh Clovis.
Istilah "France" berasal dari kaum Frank dan telah memiliki tiga makna sejarah. Ini disebut daerah sekitar Paris; wilayah Île-de-France, yang pada mulanya merupakan kadipaten, dan wilayah yang dikenal sebagai kerajaan Perancis, diperintah oleh Hugh Capet dan keturunannya. Perjanjian Verdun di 843 mendirikan kerajaan "Barat Francia" saat tanah dibagi antara ahli waris anak Charlemagne, Louis yang Saleh. Periode abad pertengahan adalah salah satu dari fragmentasi politik bahkan sebagai birokrasi administrasi negara tumbuh. Gereja mendukung berbagai penguasa, yang mengklaim aturan ilahi. Setelah serangkaian panjang perang, Perancis dicapai kesatuan politik pada abad keenam belas di bawah Louis XIV. Perancis menjadi bahasa resmi, menggantikan bahasa Latin pada dokumen resmi, di tahun 1539. Revolusi tahun 1789 didirikan Republik Pertama dan menghapuskan monarki. Upaya untuk membentuk Pertama dan Kedua Empires oleh Napoleon dan keponakannya akhirnya lebih dari-diputar oleh Republik Ketiga (1870-1940). Periode ini melibatkan rasa tinggi identitas nasional, dengan kembali ke nilai-nilai republiken revolusi. Ini juga merupakan periode ekspansi kolonial tinggi ke Afrika dan Asia. Selama Perang Dunia II, dengan pendudukan Jerman dan rezim Vichy bawah Petain, ada krisis identitas nasional dan bergerak ke arah penolakan terhadap cita-cita revolusi. Sebuah Republik Keempat dibentuk kembali setelah kemerdekaan pada akhir perang, dan ini menyebabkan Republik Kelima saat ini, yang pertama presiden adalah Charles de Gaulle, terpilih pada tahun 1958.
Le Puy lies in the volcanic mountains of south-central France. Le Puy terletak di pegunungan vulkanik-tengah Perancis selatan.
" Perancis mengalami masa kemakmuran ekonomi setelah Perang Dunia II dikenal sebagai "tiga puluh tahun yang mulia. Ini juga merupakan saat eksodus pedesaan, urbanisasi diperluas, dan perubahan sosial-budaya penting. Peristiwa Mei 1968 ditandai krisis dalam identitas nasional sebagai pekerja dan mahasiswa gelisah untuk masyarakat yang lebih terbuka dan setara.
Identitas Nasional identitas. Nasional dihubungkan dengan pengertian tentang kewarganegaraan, yang didirikan selama revolusi. Kriteria asli termasuk faktor-faktor seperti jenis kelamin, tempat lahir, umur, dan jumlah properti. Kewarganegaraan saat ini tergantung pada bukti tetua dan tempat tinggal. The national identity is based on several factors, including a concept of shared ancestry coming from the Gallic and Frankish past and territorial roots in the countryside, a shared national language and culture, and the ideals of the revolution. Identitas nasional didasarkan pada beberapa faktor, termasuk konsep leluhur bersama berasal dari Galia dan akar masa lalu dan teritorial kaum Frank di pedesaan, bahasa nasional bersama dan budaya, dan cita-cita revolusi. It has also been shaped by religious conflicts between Catholics, Protestants, and Jews and by religious versus secular influences on government, especially in the realm of education. Juga telah dibentuk oleh konflik agama antara Katolik, Protestan, dan Yahudi dan oleh pengaruh agama versus sekuler pada pemerintah, terutama di bidang pendidikan. Current national identity is primarily an invention of the Third Republic and has been shaken by various events in recent history. identitas nasional kini terutama penemuan Republik Ketiga dan telah terguncang oleh berbagai peristiwa dalam sejarah. The degree to which a coherent national identity has existed is debatable despite the assimilationist policies of the government. Sejauh mana identitas nasional yang koheren telah ada masih bisa diperdebatkan meskipun kebijakan asimilatif pemerintah. Linguistic unity was achieved less than a century ago, and regional languages and cultural practices persist. Linguistik persatuan dicapai kurang dari satu abad yang lalu, dan bahasa daerah dan praktek-praktek budaya bertahan. The growth of the European Union (EU) and the influx of immigrants eventually will lead to a revised view of what it means to be French. Pertumbuhan Uni Eropa (UE) dan masuknya imigran pada akhirnya akan mengarah ke tampilan revisi apa artinya menjadi orang Prancis.
An important element of national identity is the identity card. Unsur penting dari identitas nasional adalah kartu identitas. Each person on French soil must carry on his or her person a card or document that demonstrates citizenship or another legal status, such as a visa or EU passport. Setiap orang di tanah Prancis harus terus orang nya kartu atau dokumen yang menunjukkan kewarganegaraan atau status hukum lain, seperti paspor visa atau Uni Eropa. The police have the right to stop anyone at any time to demand to see these documents. Polisi memiliki hak untuk menghentikan siapa pun setiap saat untuk permintaan untuk melihat dokumen-dokumen.
Ethnic Relations. In a multiethnic state, there are two major types of ethnic group identity: that which is associated with territorial groups claiming a separate identity from the dominant French identity and that which is associated with immigrants, such as North Africans. Hubungan Etnis:. Dalam multietnis negara, ada dua jenis utama kelompok etnis identitas yang dikaitkan dengan kelompok teritorial mengklaim identitas terpisah dari identitas Perancis dominan dan yang yang berhubungan dengan imigran, seperti Afrika Utara. Conflict between the centralized state and regional groups such as the Corsicans, Bretons, and Basques heightened toward the end of the twentieth century, when political autonomy became a major movement. Konflik antara negara yang tersentralisasi dan kelompok regional seperti Corsicans, Breton, dan Basque meningkat menjelang akhir abad kedua puluh, ketika otonomi politik menjadi gerakan utama. Corsica has won the right to limited administrative autonomy. Corsica telah memenangkan hak untuk otonomi administrasi terbatas.
About 4.5 million foreigners live in France. Sekitar 4,5 juta orang asing tinggal di Perancis. These immigrants have come from various nations. Imigran ini datang dari berbagai bangsa. The country has offered political asylum to peoples such as Cambodians and Czechs. Negara ini telah menawarkan suaka politik kepada masyarakat seperti Kamboja dan Ceko. The largest immigrant groups are the Portuguese, Algerians, Moroccans, Spanish, Italians, and Tunisians. Kelompok-kelompok imigran terbesar adalah Portugis, Aljazair, Maroko, Spanyol, Italia, dan Tunisia. One of the most significant conflicts has been in the area of religious freedom for Islamic groups. Salah satu konflik yang paling signifikan telah di bidang kebebasan beragama bagi kelompok-kelompok Islam. The "scarf affair" of 1989, in which three Muslim girls were expelled from high school because they refused to take off their head scarves, drew attention to the conflict between the secular state school system and the religious beliefs of immigrants. The "syal urusan" Tahun 1989, di mana tiga anak perempuan Muslim diusir dari sekolah tinggi karena mereka menolak untuk melepas jilbab mereka, menarik perhatian pada konflik antara sistem sekolah negara sekuler dan keyakinan agama imigran.
Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space Urbanism, Architecture, dan Penggunaan Space
There has long been a dichotomy between Paris and the rest of the nation or between Paris and the provinces. Ada telah lama menjadi dikotomi antara Paris dan seluruh bangsa atau antara Paris dan provinsi. Paris is by far the major urban center, with Lyon following. Paris adalah sejauh pusat kota besar, dengan mengikuti Lyon. Not until the 1960s did the urban population surpass the rural population. Tidak sampai tahun 1960-an itu penduduk kota melebihi penduduk pedesaan. Four-fifths of the population now lives in urban areas. Empat-perlima penduduk sekarang tinggal di perkotaan. More than half the urban population lives in suburbs, however. Lebih dari separuh penduduk perkotaan tinggal di pinggiran kota, namun. A movement of population back to rural areas, if not back to farming, has existed since the 1970s. Sebuah pergerakan penduduk kembali ke daerah pedesaan, jika tidak kembali ke pertanian, telah ada sejak tahun 1970. Only 3 percent of the population is employed in agriculture. Hanya 3 persen dari populasi yang bekerja di bidang pertanian. Regions and cities are linked through an extensive rail system controlled by Societé Nationale des Chemins de Fer de France (SNCF). Wilayah dan kota-kota dihubungkan melalui sistem kereta api yang luas dikendalikan oleh Societé Nationale des Chemins de Fer de France (SNCF). It is headquartered in Paris, with twenty-three regional areas. Hal ini bermarkas di Paris, dengan 23 wilayah regional. High-speed trains (TGV) link Paris with Lyons, Bordeaux, Calais, Strasbourg, and Montpellier/Marseille-Lyon. Kereta kecepatan tinggi (TGV) Link Paris dengan Lyon, Bordeaux, Calais, Strasbourg, dan Montpellier / Marseille-Lyon. Paris is now linked through the English Channel tunnel to the United Kingdom. Paris sekarang terkait melalui terowongan Selat Inggris ke Inggris. Several major highways built during the last few decades have improved movement by car. Beberapa jalan raya utama yang dibangun selama beberapa dekade terakhir telah meningkatkan gerakan dengan mobil.
Architecture ranges from the grand works of the powerful in the cities, such as the Versailles palace and the new National Library in Paris, to the vernacular architecture of rural areas. Arsitektur berkisar dari karya-karya besar dari kuat di kota-kota, seperti istana Versailles dan Perpustakaan Nasional yang baru di Paris, dengan arsitektur vernakular daerah pedesaan. Buildings dating from the period of state building in the Third Republic are particularly symbolic of nationalism. Bangunan yang berasal dari periode bangunan negara dalam Republik Ketiga sangat simbolis nasionalisme. The architecture of public primary schools built at the turn of the century in small towns and villages symbolizes the presence of the nation-state at the local level. Arsitektur sekolah dasar negeri dibangun pada pergantian abad di kota-kota kecil dan desa-desa melambangkan kehadiran negara-bangsa di tingkat lokal. These buildings also house the mayor's office. Bangunan-bangunan juga rumah kantor walikota. Churches symbolize the power of the Catholic Church, from Notre Dame in Paris to the village churches whose steeples once dominated the countryside. Gereja melambangkan kekuasaan Gereja Katolik, dari Notre Dame di Paris dengan menara gereja desa yang pernah mendominasi pedesaan. Vernacular rural architecture varies from region to region, reflecting climate, family forms, and cultural values. arsitektur vernakular pedesaan bervariasi dari daerah ke daerah, yang mencerminkan iklim, bentuk keluarga, dan nilai-nilai budaya. Just as each local region had a local dialect, it had its own style of barns and houses. Sama seperti setiap wilayah lokal memiliki dialek lokal, itu gaya sendiri lumbung dan rumah.
The use of space in rural areas varies considerably. Penggunaan ruang di daerah pedesaan sangat bervariasi. There is a stark contrast between the south, where there is more open socializing outdoors and in cafés and a stricter gender division of spatial use, and the north, where there is less of an emphasis on these factors. Ada perbedaan yang nyata antara selatan, di mana ada lebih bersosialisasi di luar ruangan terbuka dan di kafe dan pembagian gender ketat pemanfaatan ruang, dan utara, di mana ada yang kurang dari penekanan pada faktor-faktor ini. In southern areas, where men tend to associate in cafés or in the town square, married women were traditionally not present in such public spheres but were confined to the household. Di daerah selatan, dimana laki-laki cenderung berasosiasi di kafe atau di alun-alun kota, perempuan menikah secara tradisional tidak hadir dalam ruang publik seperti tetapi terbatas pada rumah tangga. Across the country, however, there is a strong emphasis on privacy within the walls of the house or foyer . Di seluruh negeri, namun, ada penekanan kuat pada privasi dalam dinding-dinding rumah atau foyer. Personal space and intimacy are connected, and close friends and relatives have much closeness and physical contact. Personal ruang dan keintiman yang terhubung, dan teman-teman dekat dan keluarga memiliki kedekatan banyak dan kontak fisik. Acquaintances and intimates are distinguished, and a high degree of formality is used with acquaintances. Kenalan dan kawan-kawan karib dibedakan, dan tingkat tinggi formalitas digunakan dengan kenalan.
Food and Economy Makanan dan Ekonomi
Food in Daily Life. Food plays a major role in the country's social life. Makanan di Daily Life. Pangan memainkan peran utama dalam kehidupan sosial negeri ini. Wine and cheese are sources of national pride and reflect regional differences. Anggur dan keju adalah sumber kebanggaan nasional dan mencerminkan perbedaan regional. Meals are ritualized, and full of social and cultural meaning. Makanan ritual, dan penuh makna sosial dan budaya. There are also political aspects to the meaning of food. Ada juga aspek politik untuk arti makanan. For instance, there has recently been much concern about the quality of "engineered" food and a rejection of foods that have been genetically altered. Misalnya, baru-baru ini ada kekhawatiran banyak tentang kualitas makanan "direkayasa" dan penolakan terhadap makanan yang telah diubah secara genetik. Another recent concern has been la vache folle (mad cow disease); the French have rejected the importation of English beef, which has been a major issue in the EU. Keprihatinan lain baru-baru ini telah la vache folle (penyakit sapi gila), Perancis telah menolak impor daging sapi Inggris, yang telah menjadi isu utama di Uni Eropa.
Breton girls in costumes for a festival. Breton gadis di kostum untuk festival. Each commune generally holds a festival during the year. Setiap komune umumnya memegang sebuah festival sepanjang tahun.
The three main meals are le petit déjeuner (break-fast), le déjeuner (lunch), and le dîner (dinner). Tiga makanan utama adalah le petit déjeuner (break-cepat), le déjeuner (makan siang), dan le restoran (makan malam). Although the midday meal had great importance in an agricultural economy and is still the main meal in rural areas, there is a tendency for families to eat the largest meal in the evening. Meskipun makan siang mempunyai pengaruh penting dalam perekonomian pertanian dan masih merupakan makanan utama di daerah pedesaan, ada kecenderungan bagi keluarga untuk makan makanan terbesar di malam hari. Breakfast is a light meal of bread, cereal, yogurt, and coffee or hot chocolate. Sarapan adalah makanan ringan roti, sereal, yogurt, dan kopi atau cokelat panas. Lunch and dinner generally involve several courses, at minimum a first course ( l'entree ) and a main dish ( le plat ), followed by cheese and/or dessert. Makan siang dan makan malam umumnya melibatkan beberapa kursus, minimal kursus pertama (l'hidangan utama) dan hidangan utama (le plat), diikuti dengan keju dan / atau dessert. In restaurants, it is common to have a price that includes all these courses, with a choice of dishes. Di restoran, adalah umum untuk memiliki harga yang mencakup semua kursus-kursus ini, dengan pilihan hidangan. Children eat a snack after school, le goûter or quatre-heures, which usually includes cookies, bread and jam or chocolate, and a drink. Anak-anak makan snack setelah sekolah, le goûter atau-Quatre heures, yang biasanya termasuk cookies, roti dan selai atau coklat, dan minuman.
Meals involve a succession of courses eaten one at a time. Makanan melibatkan suksesi program dimakan satu per satu. A typical family meal starts with a soup, followed by vegetables and a meat dish and then a salad, cheese, and dessert. Makanan khas keluarga dimulai dengan sup, diikuti oleh sayuran dan hidangan daging dan kemudian salad, keju, dan makanan penutup. Wine is commonly served at meals. Wine biasanya disajikan saat makan. Children begin to drink wine during family dinners in their early teens, often drinking wine diluted with water. Anak-anak mulai minum anggur saat makan malam keluarga pada remaja awal, sering minum anggur diencerkan dengan air. Most daily food preparation is done by wives and mothers in family settings even if both spouses work full-time. Sebagian besar persiapan makanan sehari-hari dilakukan oleh istri dan ibu dalam pengaturan keluarga bahkan jika kedua pasangan bekerja penuh-waktu. The need to prepare wholesome meals that reflect traditional values is an increasing source of stress for working women who feel pressed for time. Kebutuhan untuk menyiapkan makanan sehat yang mencerminkan nilai-nilai tradisional adalah sumber bertambahnya tegangan untuk bekerja wanita yang merasa terdesak waktu. Convenience foods are becoming more prevalent, and fast food is a growing trend. Kenyamanan makanan menjadi lebih umum, dan makanan cepat saji adalah tren yang sedang berkembang.
Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Large family gatherings and dinner parties involve more elaborate food preparation and more courses than daily family meals. Makanan Pabean di Upacara Occasions dan keluarga besar. Acara pesta makan malam melibatkan persiapan makanan yang lebih rumit dan program lebih dari makanan keluarga sehari-hari. At such occasions, drink is more important. Pada kesempatan tersebut, minum lebih penting. An apéritif is served with small snacks or appetizers before the meal. minuman beralkohol disajikan dengan makanan kecil atau makanan pembuka sebelum makan. Different regions have particular apéritifs : pastis is associated with southern France, and Suze (gentian liqueur) with the Auvergne. daerah yang berbeda memiliki apéritifs khusus: pastis dikaitkan dengan Perancis selatan, dan Suze (gentian minuman keras) dengan Auvergne. Wines complement the courses. Wines melengkapi program. Champagne often is served to mark ceremonial occasions and is drunk after the meal. Champagne sering disajikan untuk menandai kesempatan upacara dan diminum setelah makan. This is followed by coffee and a digestif (liqueur). Ini diikuti dengan kopi dan digestif (minuman keras). It is not uncommon for ceremonial meals to last three or more hours. Hal ini tidak biasa untuk makan seremonial berlangsung tiga jam atau lebih. In Normandy, a tradition that involves having a drink of calvados after each course further lengthens the meal. Di Normandia, sebuah tradisi yang melibatkan memiliki minuman Calvados setelah setiap kursus lebih lanjut memperpanjang makan.
Holidays are associated with special foods. Hari Libur berhubungan dengan makanan khusus. Elaborate meals are served on Christmas Eve by Catholic families who attend midnight Mass. These meals involve salmon, oysters, turkey, and la bûche de noël cake. Teliti makanan disajikan pada malam Natal oleh keluarga Katolik yang menghadiri Misa tengah malam makan ini melibatkan salmon, kerang, kalkun, dan la Buche de Noël kue. In many regions, crêpes are eaten on 2 February, the Feast of the Virgin. Di banyak daerah, crepes dimakan pada tanggal 2 Februari, Pesta Perawan. The ceremonial nature and symbolism of food are evident in rural wedding ceremonies. Sifat seremonial dan simbolisme makanan yang jelas dalam upacara pernikahan pedesaan. Often, mixtures of food and drink are presented to the wedding couple in a chamber pot in the early hours of the morning after the wedding. Seringkali, campuran makanan dan minuman disajikan untuk pasangan pernikahan di pot ruang di jam-jam awal pagi setelah pernikahan. These mixtures can include champagne and chocolate or savory soups with carrots and onion. Campuran ini dapat mencakup sampanye dan coklat atau sup gurih dengan wortel dan bawang.
In many rural regions, it is still common for families to slaughter a pig each winter and make sausages, patés, hams, roasts, and chops for freezing. Di daerah pedesaan, masih umum bagi keluarga untuk menyembelih seekor babi setiap musim dingin dan membuat sosis, pate, ham, daging panggang, dan potongan daging untuk pembekuan. These are ceremonial occasions, and each person who helps the family is given a portion of the pig. Ini adalah kesempatan upacara, dan setiap orang yang membantu keluarga diberikan sebagian dari babi.
Basic Economy. The "thirty glorious years" of expansion of industry after World War II ended with the oil crises of the 1970s. Dasar Ekonomi. The "tiga puluh tahun yang mulia" ekspansi industri setelah Perang Dunia II berakhir dengan krisis minyak tahun 1970-an. Since then, the country has rebuilt its economy and has one of the four leading economies in Western Europe. Sejak itu, negara telah membangun kembali ekonomi dan memiliki salah satu dari empat ekonomi terkemuka di Eropa Barat. Most of the gross national product (GNP) comes from services, with industry generating one fourth of the GNP. Sebagian besar produk nasional bruto (PNB) berasal dari jasa, dengan industri menghasilkan seperempat dari GNP. France is also a major agricultural nation and is self-sufficient in this sector. Perancis juga negara pertanian utama dan mandiri di sektor ini. Agriculture now accounts for less than 3 percent of the GNP, however. Pertanian kini mengisi kurang dari 3 persen dari GNP, namun. The major agricultural crop is wheat. Tanaman pertanian utama adalah gandum. High unemployment has plagued the country since the 1970s, particularly among youth. Pengangguran yang tinggi telah melanda negara itu sejak tahun 1970-an, khususnya di kalangan kaum muda. The unemployment rate was almost 13 percent in 1997. Tingkat pengangguran hampir 13 persen pada tahun 1997. Inclusion in the EU has had a major impact on the economy, opening some markets and restricting others. Inklusi di Uni Eropa telah berdampak besar terhadap perekonomian, pembukaan beberapa pasar dan membatasi orang lain. In 2002, France will convert from the franc to the euro for all financial transactions. Pada tahun 2002, Perancis akan mengkonversi dari franc ke euro untuk semua transaksi keuangan. After several decades of nationalization of major industries, France deregulated those sectors in the 1990s, to create a freer market. Setelah beberapa dekade nasionalisasi industri-industri besar, Perancis deregulasi sektor-sektor pada 1990-an, untuk menciptakan pasar bebas.
Land Tenure and Property. Until the middle of the twentieth century, agriculture was dominated by small holdings and family farms. Penguasaan Tanah dan Properti. Sampai pertengahan abad kedua puluh, pertanian didominasi oleh lahan kecil dan peternakan keluarga. Two factors have affected rural land holdings since World War II. Dua faktor telah mempengaruhi kepemilikan tanah di pedesaan sejak Perang Dunia II. There has been an acceleration of the rural exodus leading to a strong migration toward cities, along with a consolidation of farm lands that had been scattered through inheritance patterns. Ada percepatan Eksodus pedesaan mengarah ke migrasi kuat terhadap kota-kota, bersama dengan konsolidasi tanah pertanian yang telah tersebar melalui pola warisan. This was called le remembrement and was more successful in some regions than in others. Ini disebut le remembrement dan lebih sukses di beberapa daerah dari pada orang lain.
Commercial Activities. There are many small businesses and shops on city streets, and street markets thrive in the major cities. Kegiatan komersial. Ada banyak usaha kecil dan toko-toko di jalan-jalan kota, dan pasar jalanan berkembang di kota-kota besar. In the centers of towns, small shops and specialty boutiques abound. Di pusat-pusat kota, toko-toko kecil dan butik khusus berlimpah. However, there are also large hypermarchés or grandes surfaces at the outskirts of most cities that sell food, clothing, and furniture. Namun, ada juga hypermarchés besar atau permukaan Grandes di pinggiran kota yang paling yang menjual makanan, pakaian, dan mebel. Prices are fixed in stores for the most part, but at markets there is still a lot of bargaining. Harga adalah tetap di toko-toko untuk sebagian besar, tetapi di pasar masih banyak tawar-menawar. The commercial services of rural villages have declined during the last twenty years, as a result of depopulation and the attraction of new chain stores. Layanan komersial pedesaan telah menurun selama dua puluh tahun terakhir, sebagai akibat dari depopulasi dan daya tarik toko rantai baru. Increasingly, the butchers, bakers, and grocers have closed shop, and people make purchases in small shopping markets or travel to the nearest city to buy less expensive goods. Semakin, tukang daging, tukang roti, dan toko telah tutup toko, dan orang-orang melakukan pembelian di pasar belanja kecil atau perjalanan ke kota terdekat untuk membeli barang lebih murah.
Major Industries. Industry historically was centered in the northeast and eastern part of the nation, primarily in Paris, Lille, and Lyon. Mayor Industri. Perindustrian historis dipusatkan di bagian timur laut dan timur bangsa, terutama di Paris, Lille, dan Lyon. This has changed with the penetration of industry into the hinterlands and the south. Ini telah berubah dengan penetrasi industri ke daerah pedalaman dan selatan. The leading industries are steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aeronautics, electronics, mining, and textiles. Industri terkemuka adalah baja, mesin, bahan kimia, mobil, metalurgi, aeronautika, elektronik, pertambangan, dan tekstil. Tourism is a growing industry in the countryside. Pariwisata adalah industri yang berkembang di pedesaan. Food processing and agribusiness are important to the national economy. pengolahan Makanan dan agribisnis yang penting bagi perekonomian nasional. The government controls several industrial sectors, including railroads, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunications. Pemerintah mengontrol sektor industri, termasuk kereta api, listrik, pesawat terbang, dan telekomunikasi. A move toward privatizing these industries has been under way since the early 1990s. Sebuah bergerak ke arah privatisasi industri-industri ini telah berlangsung sejak awal 1990-an.
Trade. Although the country traditionally took a protectionist stance toward trade and did not play a major role in the world economy, this has changed with the opening of markets through the European Economic Community and the Common Market. Perdagangan,. Para Meskipun negara proteksionis tradisional mengambil sikap terhadap perdagangan dan tidak memainkan peran utama di dunia perekonomian ini telah berubah dengan pembukaan pasar melalui Masyarakat Ekonomi Eropa dan Pasar Bersama. Foreign trade grew during the 1950s, under de Gaulle, and by the mid-1960s, France was the fourth largest exporter in the world. Perdagangan Luar Negeri tumbuh selama tahun 1950, di bawah de Gaulle, dan pada pertengahan 1960-an, Perancis adalah eksportir terbesar keempat di dunia. Most exports Sebagian besar ekspor
Men working at a vineyard in France. Pria bekerja di sebuah kebun anggur di Perancis. French wine is a source of national pride and an important part of both simple and elaborate meals. anggur Perancis merupakan sumber kebanggaan nasional dan bagian penting dari kedua dan rumit makanan sederhana.
today go to Europe rather than to former colonies. hari ini pergi ke Eropa daripada bekas koloni. During the economic crisis of the 1980s, the balance of trade favored imports, but in recent years exports have grown. Selama krisis ekonomi tahun 1980-an, neraca perdagangan disukai impor, tetapi dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ekspor telah tumbuh. The major exports are manufactured goods, including cars and luxury items such as clothing, perfume, and jewelry. Ekspor utama barang diproduksi, termasuk mobil dan barang-barang mewah seperti pakaian, parfum, dan perhiasan. Wheat and dairy products are also major exports. Gandum dan produk susu juga ekspor utama. The country imports raw materials such as oil and agricultural products, as well as machinery, chemicals, and iron and steel products. Negara ini impor bahan baku seperti minyak dan produk pertanian, serta mesin, bahan kimia, dan besi dan produk baja.
Division of Labor. Employment is categorized by the eight PCS (professions and socioprofessional categories): farmers; artisans, small shopkeepers, and small business managers; professionals; middle management; white-collar workers; manual workers; unemployed persons who have never worked; and military personnel. Tenaga Kerja. Divisi Kerja dikategorikan oleh delapan PCS (profesi dan kategori socioprofessional): petani, pengrajin, penjaga toko kecil, dan manajer usaha kecil, profesional, manajemen menengah, pekerja kerah putih; pekerja manual, orang pengangguran yang belum pernah bekerja; dan personel militer. While the nation had a large agricultural population well into the twentieth century, only 3 percent of the people now work in that sector, although 10 percent of the population works in either agriculture or agribusiness. Sementara bangsa memiliki populasi pertanian yang besar baik ke abad kedua puluh, hanya 3 persen orang sekarang bekerja di sektor itu, meskipun 10 persen penduduk bekerja di pertanian atau agribisnis. Unemployment (almost 12 percent in 1998) is higher among women and youth. Pengangguran (hampir 12 persen pada tahun 1998) yang lebih tinggi di antara perempuan dan pemuda. Labor unions are strong. Serikat pekerja yang kuat. The current thirty-nine-hour workweek will fall to thirty-five hours in 2002. Pekan kerja tiga puluh sembilan-jam saat ini akan jatuh ke tiga puluh lima jam pada tahun 2002.
Social Stratification Stratifikasi sosial
Classes and Castes. France is a class-stratified society whose middle class did not develop significantly until the 1960s. Kelas dan Kasta adalah. Perancis suatu-bertingkat masyarakat kelas yang kelas menengah tidak berkembang secara signifikan sampai tahun 1960-an. Historically, society was divided among the nobility, the bourgeoisie , the peasants, and the urban proletariat. Secara historis, masyarakat terbagi antara kaum bangsawan, kaum borjuis, para petani, dan kaum proletar perkotaan. The French system was the basis for much of Karl Marx's analysis of class struggles during the nineteenth century. Sistem Perancis banyak dasar bagi analisis Karl Marx tentang perjuangan kelas selama abad kesembilan belas. The dominant class now is referred to as the bourgeoisie, although this term is difficult to define. Kelas dominan sekarang adalah disebut sebagai kaum borjuis, meskipun istilah ini sulit untuk didefinisikan. Primarily, this class is considered to be the group that controls education and industry. Terutama, kelas ini dianggap sebagai kelompok yang mengontrol pendidikan dan industri. A major source of debate is the issue of social mobility for people of different social origins. Sumber utama dari debat adalah masalah mobilitas sosial bagi orang-orang dari asal-usul sosial yang berbeda. Statistics indicate that there is still a strong tendency for children to remain in the occupational class of their parents. Statistik menunjukkan bahwa masih ada kecenderungan kuat untuk anak-anak untuk tetap berada di kelas pekerjaan orang tua mereka. For instance, in 1994, almost 50 percent of the children of workers became workers; only 9 percent of them became elite workers. Sebagai contoh, pada tahun 1994, hampir 50 persen dari anak-anak pekerja menjadi pekerja; hanya 9 persen dari mereka menjadi pekerja elit. Fifty-six percent of the children of elite workers became elite workers. Lima puluh enam persen dari anak-anak pekerja elit menjadi pekerja elit. The school system is blamed for the lack of social mobility. Sistem sekolah disalahkan atas kurangnya mobilitas sosial.
Symbols of Social Stratification. Social stratification has two main axes: urban versus rural and economic class position. Stratifikasi Sosial. Simbol stratifikasi sosial memiliki dua sumbu utama: pedesaan dan ekonomi kelas posisi versus perkotaan. The urban upper class generally has ties to provincial seats of power. Kelas atas perkotaan umumnya memiliki hubungan dengan provinsi kursi kekuasaan. The bourgeoisie establish the major tenets of good taste and refinement, of being "civilized." Borjuasi menetapkan prinsip utama dari rasa yang baik dan perbaikan, menjadi "beradab." One's taste in music, art, food, and leisure activities generally reveals one's social class origins. selera seseorang di musik, seni, makanan, dan kegiatan santai umumnya mengungkapkan asal-usul kelas sosial seseorang. Symbols of a higher class position include knowing not only about fine art but about the newest trends in avant-garde art, understanding and being able to purchase fine wines, and dressing with understatement while revealing refined aesthetic sensibilities. Simbol dari posisi kelas yang lebih tinggi termasuk tidak hanya mengetahui tentang seni rupa tapi tentang tren terbaru dalam seni avant-garde, pemahaman dan mampu membeli anggur berkualitas, dan ganti dengan pernyataan sementara menunjukkan kepekaan estetika halus. Class consciousness is very strong. Kelas kesadaran sangat kuat. "Symbolic capital" plays a large role in social class, and not only wealth but family connections and lifestyle determine one's social position and opportunities. "Modal simbolik" memainkan peran besar dalam kelas sosial, dan bukan hanya kekayaan tapi hubungan keluarga dan gaya hidup menentukan posisi sosial seseorang dan kesempatan.
Political Life Politik Life
Government. France operates under the constitution of the Fifth Republic, which was established in 1958. Pemerintah. Perancis beroperasi di bawah konstitusi Republik Kelima, yang didirikan pada tahun 1958. The government is highly centralized, although the 1982 act of decentralization transferred more power to the regions and communes. Pemerintah sangat terpusat, meskipun tindakan 1982 desentralisasi kekuasaan yang lebih dialihkan ke daerah dan komune. Paris is the capital city. Paris adalah ibu kota. The administration of the governmental system is organized through the levels of nation, region, department, arrondissement, canton, and commune. Administrasi sistem pemerintahan diatur melalui tingkat bangsa, wilayah, departemen, arrondissement, Kanton, dan komune. The commune is the smallest administrative level. komune adalah tingkat administrasi terkecil. This system of political administration dates back to the French Revolution. Sistem administrasi politik tanggal kembali ke Revolusi Perancis. The state controls several state-owned companies in the areas of transportation, energy, and communications. Negara mengontrol perusahaan milik negara beberapa bidang transportasi, energi, dan komunikasi. Thirty percent of the workforce is employed by the state. Tiga puluh persen dari angkatan kerja yang dipekerjakan oleh negara. The state bureaucracy is complex and is run by an administrative elite trained at the National School of Administration (ENA). Birokrasi negara adalah kompleks dan dijalankan oleh elit administrasi dilatih di Sekolah Administrasi Nasional (ENA).
The executive branch includes the president and the prime minister. Cabang eksekutif termasuk presiden dan perdana menteri. The president is elected for a seven-year term by popular vote. Presiden dipilih untuk masa tujuh tahun oleh suara rakyat. The prime minister is appointed by the president and serves as head of the government. Perdana menteri diangkat oleh presiden dan berfungsi sebagai kepala pemerintah. In recent years, a form of political "cohabitation" has developed, in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, suatu bentuk politik "kohabitasi" telah berkembang, di mana presiden dan perdana menteri berasal dari partai politik yang berbeda. The prime minister selects the ministers and secretaries of state, with approval by the president. Perdana Menteri memilih menteri dan sekretaris negara, dengan persetujuan oleh presiden. Legislative power resides in a bicameral parliament composed of the Assemblée Nationale (National Assembly) and the Senat (Senate). Kekuasaan legislatif berada di sebuah parlemen bikameral terdiri dari Assemblée Nationale (National Assembly) dan Senat (Senat). The deputies of the Assemblée Nationale are elected by popular vote for five-year terms; senators are elected though an electoral college system for nine-year terms. Para wakil dari Nationale Assemblée dipilih oleh suara terbanyak untuk masa jabatan lima tahun; senator dipilih meskipun sistem electoral college untuk masa sembilan tahun.
The twenty-two metropolitan regions, which recently received a formal role in government, are each composed of several departments. Dua puluh dua daerah metropolitan, yang baru-baru ini menerima peran formal dalam pemerintahan, masing-masing terdiri dari beberapa departemen. A region is headed by a regional prefect and served by elected regional council members who represent the departments. Sebuah wilayah dipimpin oleh seorang prefek regional dan dilayani oleh dipilih anggota dewan daerah yang mewakili departemen. The regional council elects a president of the council. Dewan daerah memilih seorang presiden dewan. The department is headed by a prefect, and each canton elects a council member to serve at that level. Departemen ini dipimpin oleh prefek, dan masing-masing canton memilih anggota dewan untuk melayani pada tingkat itu. Communes elect a mayor and a municipal council. Komune memilih walikota dan dewan kota. There are a little over 36,000 communes, and their populations can range in size from under one thousand to that of a large city. Ada sedikit di atas 36.000 komune, dan populasi mereka dapat berbagai ukuran dari bawah seribu dengan sebuah kota besar. The vast majority of communes are in the countryside. Sebagian besar komune di pedesaan.
Leadership and Political Officials. France is politically divided between the right and the left. Kepemimpinan dan Politik Pejabat. Perancis secara politis terbagi antara kanan dan kiri. There are five major political parties. Ada lima partai politik besar. To the far right is the Front National (FN), which has been growing in power since the 1980s under the leadership of Jean-Marie Le Pen. Untuk yang paling kanan adalah Front Nasional (FN), yang telah berkembang di berkuasa sejak tahun 1980-an di bawah pimpinan Jean-Marie Le Pen. The two major parties on the democratic right are the Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) founded by Jacques Chirac in 1976 and the Union pour la Democratie Française (UDF) founded by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in 1978. Dua partai besar di kanan demokrasi adalah Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) didirikan oleh Jacques Chirac pada tahun 1976 dan Uni pour la Democratie Perancis (UDF) didirikan oleh Valéry Giscard d'Estaing pada tahun 1978. On the left, there is the Parti Socialiste (PS) and the Parti Communiste Française (PCF). Di sebelah kiri, ada Socialiste Parti (PS) dan Parti Communiste Française (PCF). In 1981, the PS replaced the earlier SFIO, led by François Mitterrand. Pada tahun 1981, PS menggantikan SFIO sebelumnya, dipimpin oleh François Mitterrand. The Communist Party was formed in 1920. Partai Komunis dibentuk pada 1920.
Political leaders rise to power by gaining election at the local level, and then accruing more political titles. Para pemimpin politik naik ke kekuasaan dengan mendapatkan pemilihan di tingkat lokal, dan kemudian menimbulkan lebih banyak judul politik. It is possible for a politician to hold more than one office at different levels simultaneously, and this is a common method for gaining political support. Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk politisi untuk menyimpan lebih dari satu kantor pada tingkat yang berbeda secara bersamaan, dan ini adalah metode umum untuk mendapatkan dukungan politik. Election to office depends on social networks, as well as on the personal charisma of the politician. Pemilihan ke kantor tergantung pada jaringan sosial, serta pada karisma pribadi politisi. The concept of "legitimacy" is crucial; to be viewed as a legitimate candidate is to have local roots and a strong social network. Konsep "legitimasi" sangat penting, untuk dipandang sebagai calon yang sah adalah memiliki akar lokal dan jaringan sosial yang kuat. A successful politician must make good use of symbolism and ritual in order to embody various ideals. Seorang politisi yang berhasil harus membuat baik penggunaan simbolisme dan ritual dalam rangka mewujudkan cita-cita berbagai. A high degree of formality is associated with political office, and interactions with elected officials require correct etiquette. Tingkat tinggi formalitas dikaitkan dengan jabatan politik, dan interaksi dengan pejabat terpilih memerlukan etiket yang benar. One should, for instance, address a mayor as Monsieur or Madame le Mayor. Orang harus, misalnya, alamat seorang walikota sebagai Monsieur atau Madame le Walikota.
Social Problems and Control. The police are a noticeable presence, particularly in urban areas and transport centers such as airports and subway stations. Masalah Sosial dan Kontrol. Polisi adalah kehadiran nyata, khususnya di daerah perkotaan dan pusat-pusat transportasi seperti bandara dan stasiun kereta bawah tanah. Visibly armed, they have the right to stop any person to demand to see documents of identity. Tampak bersenjata, mereka memiliki hak untuk menghentikan setiap orang yang menuntut untuk melihat dokumen identitas. The police force is divided between those who work for the minister of the interior and those who work for the minister of defense ( gendarmes ). Angkatan kepolisian dibagi antara mereka yang bekerja untuk menteri dalam negeri dan mereka yang bekerja untuk menteri pertahanan (gendarme). There is also a National Security Police force (CRS) that is called in during demonstrations and strikes, which occur frequently. Ada juga Keamanan Nasional Kepolisian (CRS) yang disebut di dalam demonstrasi dan pemogokan, yang sering terjadi. An important form of political protest, demonstrations often disrupt urban streets and highways. Suatu bentuk penting dari protes politik, demonstrasi sering mengganggu jalan-jalan perkotaan dan jalan raya. Labor unions are strong, and striking workers regularly stop social services, such as trash pickup and public transportation, and access to public buildings, such as museums. Serikat pekerja yang kuat, dan pekerja mencolok teratur menghentikan layanan sosial, seperti pickup sampah dan transportasi publik, dan akses ke gedung-gedung publik, seperti museum.
People at an outdoor café in France. Orang-orang di kafe outdoor di Perancis. Cafés are social centers for men in southern France and are also popular among tourists. Kafe merupakan pusat sosial untuk laki-laki di Perancis selatan dan juga populer di kalangan wisatawan.
Major social problems include AIDS, homelessness, and terrorism. Masalah utama sosial termasuk AIDS, tunawisma, dan terorisme. The rate of violent crimes such as homicide is low. Terrorist attacks and bombings occur randomly, if infrequently and were at their height most recently during the Gulf War. The National Security Police justify their strong military presence as a deterrent to terrorism.
Military Activity. The president is the commander in chief of the military, and the minister of defense reports directly to the president. France has an army, navy, and air force. It also contributes to the United Nations military forces and is in the NATO alliance, although its relationship to NATO has been precarious at times. France was involved in several armed conflicts during the twentieth century. After the first and second world wars, it was involved in colonial wars in Algeria and Indochina. The draft is being phased out and will disappear in 2002. Universal compulsory military service for a period of at least sixteen months has been mandatory for all eighteen-year-old males and marked an important rite of passage into adulthood.
Social Welfare and Change Programs Kesejahteraan Sosial dan Program Perubahan
There is an elaborate social welfare program. The social security system was formed in 1946. It is funded not by the state but by employers and workers directly. There are several plans, which vary with one's level of employment and professional status. A minimum level of income is assured for the unemployed and destitute under the RMI (Revenue Minimum d'Insertin), the unemployment assistance payment that is paid for through taxation. Benefits of the social security system include family allowances (paid per child), infant allowances for pregnant women and newborns, single-parent supplements, benefits for sickness and disability, and unemployment insurance.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations Organisasi nonpemerintah dan Asosiasi Lainnya
About half the people belong to a voluntary association, including political parties, and there are 800,000 associations. The 1901 Law of Associations regulates noneconomic activities such as sports clubs, cultural groups, and other clubs. There are clubs for immigrants, the elderly, youth, and leisure activities. Much of civic life is organized through associations.
Gender Roles and Statuses Gender Peran dan Status
Division of Labor by Gender. Peasant households traditionally had a strict gender division of labor
Architectural view of Pierrefont Castle, a reminder of the wars that have punctuated French history.
that was incorporated into community life, with the family farm being both a kinship unit and an economic unit. Husband and wife generally worked together, sometimes participating in different tasks related to agricultural labor. The degree to which gender segregation in daily life was upheld varied by region. In general, women carried out domestic tasks of housekeeping, food preparation, and child care; however, they also were involved in farm labor, such as harvesting and tending young animals. With the growth of industrialization, family farms involved much less cooperation between husband and wife in economic activities. A separation of the domestic sphere from the place of work and the growth of wage earning changed the household division of labor. Women worked outside the home as washerwomen, factory workers, and domestics. In bourgeois families in the nineteenth century, husbands controlled wealth and their wives were dependent on them, having limited autonomy in the raising of the children. Today, almost half of all workers are female and the dual-career family is becoming the norm. Women continue to face inequalities in the job market, with lower wages than men for comparable work and more difficult career paths. Women are rare in the highest-paid professions and dominate in clerical work, social work, and primary teaching. There have been proposals for a "maternal wage" that would compensate housewives for their labor.
The Relative Status of Women and Men. The Napoleonic Code of 1803 denied power to women in marriage, and women did not gain the right to vote until 1944. Only in the 1960s did wives gain the right to open bank accounts or work without the husband's permission. The Badinter Law of 1985 established equal rights for women in marriage. The feminist movement has slowly made advances but continues to struggle. The degree to which farm women have lower status than males is a subject of debate. Economic and cultural factors influence the power of women at the level of the family and community.
Marriage, Family, and Kinship Perkawinan, Keluarga, dan Kekerabatan
Marriage. Marriage rates and age at marriage are related to socioeconomic class and region. Overall, the marriage rate is declining and the age at marriage is rising. The average age of marriage for men is twenty-nine, and that for women is twenty-seven. Women tend to marry later when they seek higher education. Rural male celibacy has been associated with rural-urban migration since the 1960s. Geographic homogamy is a strong factor in marriage: Over half of all marriages involve partners from the same department. There is also a high level of religious homogamy. The divorce rate has increased in recent years, especially since a 1975 law that made the process easier and faster. One in three marriages ends in divorce. All marriages are sanctioned by a civil ceremony in the town hall. Religious ceremonies must follow the civil ceremony, so that frequently wedding parties make the trip between mayor's office and the church. Payment for the weddings of young people is most often divided equally between the families of the bride and the groom. There has been a rise in cohabitation for unmarried couples. A recent law permitting legal unions that are not marriages for couples has given legal status to cohabitating couples, including homosexual couples. The PACS ( pacte d'association civile et solidaire ) law, passed in 1999, set up an intermediate union between marriage and cohabitation. A pacte is easier to dissolve than a marriage.
Domestic Unit. The basic domestic unit is called le ménage . This includes all persons living in the same dwelling. These persons are not necessarily related. There has been a rise in single-person households since the 1960s. In 1997, 18 percent of all households were composed of single women, and 12 percent of single men. Most households, however, are composed of couples with (35 percent) or without (28 percent) children. There were three types of domestic units traditionally: the patriarchal family, the stem family, and the nuclear family, which predominates today. In the patriarchal family (a rural model that was prevalent in parts of central France), siblings stayed at home and their spouses joined the household. These large families owned property jointly. In the more hierarchical stem family, which was the most common, there was a pattern of primogeniture. The eldest son would remain in the parental home, but daughters and younger sons were obliged to seek their fortunes elsewhere. That pattern persists in some rural communities, although primogeniture has been illegal since 1804 under the Napoleonic Code. One sibling takes over the farm but "pays off" the parts of the patrimony due to his or her siblings. The nuclear family was most prevalent in southern France and has a more egalitarian basis than the stem family. A young couple would be established in their own household by both sets of parents.
Inheritance. One of the major functions of the domestic unit is the transmission of property to children. Inheritance involves material and symbolic goods. Most property is held in the form of immovable goods such as buildings and land. Social inequalities are perpetuated through unequal access to inheritances among members of different families. Inheritance occurs not just at the death of the parents but at marriage or the setting up of a household for a young person, when loans or gifts are extended by parents. Inheritance also involves "cultural capital," including education, access to various lifestyles, and ways of speaking. Although the Napoleonic Civil Code established uniform regulation of inheritance and authority within the family and equal inheritance among siblings, there are regional variations in the application of the law.
Kin Groups. Kinship is bilateral, with kindreds being recognized as important units of social support. Kinship was historically more important for the peasantry and bourgeoisie than for workers or the petite bourgeoisie, who maintained neighborhood ties that were sometimes stronger than kin ties. Today the family plays a major role in transmitting cultural values, despite the decline in marriage and increasing geographic mobility. Most people continue to live in the region in which they grew up even if they move from a village to a city. Weekend visits to parents and grandparents are common. There is much diversity in the meaning and strength of kin ties across social class and ethnic lines. Ideologies of kinship, in which certain family forms are privileged over others, represent a critique of the kinship patterns of the working classes and immigrants.
Socialization Sosialisasi
Infant Care. Infant care is done primarily by the mother, although fathers and female relatives participate. In the past, upper-class women sent their children to wet nurses until they were weaned. Children were swaddled with various methods, depending on the region. Baptism is an important familial celebration of the birth of an infant.
Child Rearing and Education. State-sponsored schools for early childhood education begin to take children at the age of three. There are also state-subsidized child care centers for younger children. Although the influence of the family in childhood socialization is very important, there are regional and class-based variations in the methods used. In general, children have been seen as naturally "wild" and in need of learning how to behave in the proper ("civilized") way through guidance from adults. Peer socialization is as important as adult socialization, however, and children generally develop a strong peer culture. There are both public, state-run schools and private (mostly Catholic) schools, which receive some state aid if they follow the state curriculum. Public education was established as mandatory, free, and secular by the Ferry laws of the late nineteenth century. Education is controlled by the Ministry of Education and Research, with the exception of agricultural education, which is under the Ministry of Agriculture. There are three levels of public schooling: the primary school, the college, and the lycee. Schooling is mandatory until age sixteen.
Higher Education. Students receive a higher education after they have completed secondary schooling and successfully taken one of several examinations to earn a baccalaureat. Historically, higher education was divided between universities and grandes écoles. Decentralization efforts have been under way to counter the domination of Paris over academic research and teaching. Provincial centers of learning have grown and received increased funding. About 10 percent of all students are foreign. With the growth of the European Union, education initiatives have fostered partnerships between French universities and universities in other European nations.
Etiquette Etiket
In French, " etiquette " means both "etiquette" and "ceremony." Social class distinctions determine the importance of various forms of correct social behavior. In general when people greet each other, they shake hands or embrace with a kiss on both cheeks (called faire la bise ). Kissing is only done when two people are close friends or relatives. For the most part, the embrace is done only the first time in a day in which one sees someone and is not repeated again until one says good-bye. There is also formality in verbal greetings, so that one shows respect by adding "Madam," "Monsieur," or "Mademoiselle" to any greeting. There are important public and private distinctions. In public spaces, one generally does not smile at strangers or make eye contact with them (for instance, in the subway or bus) and should keep one's voice low when speaking. Privacy is also maintained in homes, so that doors to bedrooms and bathrooms are kept closed. When shopping in smaller stores, the buyer generally greets the proprietor upon entry, and the proprietor helps the client choose the goods to be purchased. It is less common to have free access in a store, although the growth of large hypermarkets and shopping malls is changing this custom.
Religion Agama
Religious Beliefs. France has been dominated by the influence of the Catholic Church, yet the constitution declares it to be a "secular" country. Secularism does not reject religion but attempts to bar any single religion from gaining political control. The minister of the interior is also the minister of religions, an office established to ensure the representation of various creeds. About 80 percent of the population is Roman Catholic. The second largest religion in terms of adherents is Islam. There are about a million Protestants; 700,000 Jews; and 200,000 Orthodox (Russian and Greek) Christians. There is also a significant Buddhist population. About 15 percent of the population claims the status of a nonbeliever. Religious practice has diminished during the last fifty years, and less than 10 percent of the population attends religious services.
The dominance of Catholicism is historically linked to the conversion of Clovis in 496. In most of the country, communes began as parishes, and most rural villages see the local church building as a symbol of local identity. The church bell rings to mark deaths, wars, and weddings. French history is marked by religious struggles between Catholics and Protestants, especially during the wars of religion in the sixteenth century. Many Protestants fled during the seventeenth century, when their religious rights were rescinded by Louis XIV.
The French Revolution in the eighteenth century was in part a reaction to the power and wealth of the Catholic Church. The 1905 law passed during the Third Republic officially separated church and state. The split between republicans, who supported a secular state, and antirepublicans, who were conservative and Catholic, was strong at the local level in Catholic regions such as Brittany during the turn of the century. Anti-Semitism is symbolized by the Dreyfus Affair, which was sparked at end of the nineteenth century by the false conviction for spying and imprisonment under a death sentence of a Jewish army officer. This divided republican and antirepublican factions across the nation. Anti-Semitism was prevalent during the Vichy regime and has resurfaced with the neofascist Front National.
Folk religion varies by region. Witchcraft beliefs persist in some regions, such as the Vendée. Many Catholic regions combine elements of folk religion and Catholicism in their belief systems.
Religious Practitioners. Because of the strong influence of the Catholic Church, priests are the most important religious practitioners at the local level.
Characteristic stone buildings in the village of Lot. Privacy is strongly valued in French households.
The village priest was historically a major presence in rural areas. The triad of priest, mayor, and schoolmaster was a feature of village life in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Strong anticlerical beliefs, particularly in southern areas, challenged this status. A shortage of priests has reached a crisis point. Reflecting this shortage as well as the decline in religious participation, few village churches hold regular services or have a village priest. People must travel to towns for mass.
France has a variety of religious practices. Immigrants bring new forms of both established and folk religious practices to urban areas. For Muslim immigrants in particular, religious practice is an important way to preserve one's identity in an assimilationist society. In rural areas, folk healers and diviners are consulted. New Age religions are thriving, and herbalists, massage healers, and other practitioners are growing in influence.
Rituals and Holy Places. France was the site of many pilgrimages during the Middle Ages. Most regions have historic churches that are visited regularly on holy days, with processions leading to them. Lourdes is one of the best known pilgrimage sites in the world. Located in the Pyrenees region in the southwest, it is visited by five million people each year. In 1858, the Virgin Mary appeared to a young girl, Bernadette Soubirous, at the grotto in Lourdes. This miracle inspires handicapped and ill people to visit this site and take the waters, which are believed to have healing qualities. Lourdes has a Web site where one can hear the church bells and watch the visitors.
Death and the Afterlife. The Judeo-Christian tradition dominates beliefs about the afterlife, with heaven and hell playing a major role in the cosmology. In traditional rural areas, there was a fatalist approach to death, and in many regions, such as Brittany, a "cult" of death — especially among older women. Funerals are important events, drawing from the entire community. The cemetery in France is a symbolic site of memory, often visited by older female relatives who tend to family plots. Young children often accompany grandmothers for walks through cemeteries.
Medicine and Health Care Kedokteran dan Kesehatan
The French system of social security manages health care along with family allowances, retirement benefits, and unemployment. The national health system covers medical expenses and hospitalization for French citizens, and is run by a commission composed of representatives of employers and worker organizations. Most of the time, patients
Only about 3 percent of France's population is employed in agriculture, although people have been moving back to rural areas to live since the 1970s.
pay out of pocket for services or medications, and are then reimbursed according to a schedule of rates. Supplemental private health insurance is purchased by many people. There are both public and private hospitals in France, with the latter charging higher fees. The health care system is funded by social security payments taken from wages. Health care is very good in France, since most people have free access to it. Life expectancy is high—80.9 years for women and 72.7 for men.
Death resulting from complications of alcoholism remains a major factor in mortality rates in France, third after heart disease and cancer. The major health issues in France in the past few decades have been AIDS ( SIDA ) and access to birth control. The rate of AIDS in France ranks second after the United States among industrialized countries. The HIV virus was first identified at the Institut Louis Pasteur in Paris, a major scientific research institute.
The sale of birth control and legalization of abortion came much later in France than in other industrialized nations. The role of the Catholic Church in this is important, as is the influence of the women's movement on the changes in policy. Birth control was first permitted to be sold in 1967, and abortion did not become legal until 1975.
Secular Celebrations Sekuler Perayaan
France has several civic holidays ( jours feriés ), when schools, museums, and stores close. These public holidays, which include some with a religious origin, are: le Jour de l'An—1 January; May Day or Labor Day—1 May; World War II Victory Day—8 May; Easter (date varies); Ascension Day (after Easter); Pentecost Monday; Bastille Day—14 July; Assumption Day—15 August; All Saints Day or Toussaint—1 November; Armistice Day—11 November; and Christmas—25 December. Along with Bastille Day, Armistice Day is the most patriotic of these holidays, marking the end of World War I. There are speeches and parades in local communities involving local dignitaries and veterans, who place a wreath on the war memorial.
Bastille Day is the most important national holiday, celebrated in every commune with town dances, fireworks, and other festivities. On this day, there is a parade down the Champs-Elysée in Paris, involving the President and other dignitaries. Bastille Day marks the storming of the state prison, known as Bastille, by the citizens of Paris during the French Revolution. Known popularly as the 14th of July ( le quatorze juillet ), Bastille Day celebrates the overthrow of monarchy and the beginnings of the French Republic.
Each commune in France generally holds a town festival during the year. In some regions, these incorporate religious and secular symbolisms. There are dances, parades, sports competitions, and other activities.
The Arts and Humanities Seni dan Humaniora
Support for the Arts. There is a great deal of support for the arts in France at the state, regional, and municipal levels. The French Ministry of Culture funds artists as well as restoration projects and museums.
Literature. Oral traditions and folktales predominated in pre-modern France. Up until the mid-twentieth century, rural communities held veillées, in which neighbors gathered in someone's home around the hearth to trade stories and tales. French written literature is considered one of the greatest world traditions. The first works of literature in French were the Chansons de Geste of the eleventh century, a series of epic poems. During the Renaissance, France's great national literature flourished with works by François Rabelais, Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, and Pierre de Ronsard. Enlightenment writers such as Voltaire, Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau helped to shape a national consciousness during this time. Nineteenth-century writers took up themes of struggles between social classes, clerical and anticlerical forces, and conservatives and liberals. They also developed a form of realist writing that charted the various regional differences, and urban-rural splits, in France. François-Auguste-René de Chateaubriand, Madame de Staël, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), Honoréde Balzac, and Gustave Flaubert were the great novelists of this period. Poets included Charles-Pierre Baudelaire, Alphonse-Marie-Louis de Prat Lamartine, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Verlaine, and Stéphane Mallarmé. Earlier twentieth century writers include Marcel Proust, Anatole France, Jules Romains, Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, François Mauriac, Louis-Ferdinand Celine, and André-Georges Malraux. French existentialism during the postwar period is associated with writers Albert Camus and Simone de Beauvoir. The so-called "new novel" came to the fore in the 1950s and its representatives include Nathalie Sarraute and Alain Robbe-Grillet.
France gives several literary prizes each year. These include the Goncourt, the Renaudot, the Medicis, and the Femina.
Graphic Arts. France's most important graphic art forms are painting, sculpture, and architecture. The prehistory of French art is also important, including the famous cave paintings in southwestern France. The nineteenth century period of Romanticism in painting is associated with Eugène Delacroix and Jean-Auguste Ingres. Paintings of peasant life flourished during this century, particularly in the work of Jean Courbet and Jean-François Millet. Impressionism, in which color and light became important, is associated with Claude Monet, (Jean) Pierre Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissaro, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, and Morissette. Postimpressionism followed later in the century, with works by Henri Matisse, Paul Cézanne, Georges Seurat, and Pierre Bonnard. Great twentieth century painters include Georges Braque, and Jean Dubuffet. The most famous French sculptor is Auguste Rodin.
Performance Arts. Theater and dance have a strong tradition in France, both in the classical sense and in the realm of folklife. As in most of France's cultural life, Paris dominates the grand traditions of theater. France's great dramatists include Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, Molière, Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas pere and fils, Jean Anouilh, and Jean Genet. The Comédie Française in Paris still presents the classic works of Molière and Racine. Opera is also popular in France, cutting across social class. Street theater, pageants, and regional theatrical productions flourish in the provinces. The city of Toulouse is particularly well-known for its performance arts. French cinema is subsidized more highly by the state than other European movie industries, and the French have access to more nationally-produced films than their neighbors. Many French cities hold movie festivals during the year, the most famous being that in Cannes in early summer.
The State of the Physical and Social Sciences Negara Ilmu Fisik dan Sosial
Most scientific research is supported and sponsored in France through the network of the CNRS (Center for National Research). Scientific research is also funded by the CNES (French National Space Agency) and INSERM (the National Institute for Health and Medical Research). France is among the four world leaders in scientific funding. The CNRS has funded many laboratories in which winners of Nobel prizes and Fields medal for mathematics have worked. CNRS (including the research institutes it funds) and French universities are the major sources of support for scientific research. Very often, professors and researchers at universities also have appointments at CNRS. There is, however, a series of exams that one must pass in order to enter into the CNRS.
French ethnographic research in France is funded by the Mission du Patrimoine Ethnologique, which is part of the Ministry of Culture. The Mission participates in the journal Ethnologie Francaise and publishes its own journal, Terrain. It also publishes books in association with the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, an institute for advanced research in Paris. Another major site for the anthropology of France is LAIOS, the Anthropological Laboratory for the Study of Institutions and Social Organizations in Paris.
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Lokasi dan Geografi sering. Orang Prancis menyebut negara mereka sebagai segi enam untuk menggambarkan enam-sisi bentuk, dan istilah ini juga merupakan simbol bagi negara. Perancis Metropolitan memiliki luas lebih dari 200.000 mil persegi (518.000 kilometer persegi), sehingga negara terbesar Eropa Barat. Ini mencakup 5 persen dari benua Eropa. Paris adalah pusat modal dan budaya, panjang mendominasi sisa bangsa. Provinsi yang lebih tua, sekarang ulang dalam apa yang secara resmi disebut daerah, telah memainkan peran penting dalam sejarah bangsa. Saat ini ada 22 daerah. Republik Perancis mencakup empat departemen luar negeri (département-mer d 'outre DOM): Guyana Perancis, Guadeloupe, Martinique, dan Réunion. DOM ini beroperasi terutama sebagai departemen dalam sistem nasional. Ada dua kolektif teritorial: Mayotte dan Saint Pierre-et-Miquelon. meliputi Polinesia Perancis, Kaledonia Baru, Wallis, dan Futuna.
France perbatasan Andorra, Belgia, Jerman, Italia, Luksemburg, Monako, Spanyol, dan Swiss. Sementara terkait dengan daratan Eropa, negara ini terbuka untuk Atlantik ke barat. Hal ini juga memiliki pantai-pantai di Laut Mediterania di selatan dan Selat Inggris ke utara. Perancis memiliki berbagai macam medan dan iklim yang bervariasi dan geografi. Pegunungan Alpen utama di timur dan Pyrenees di barat daya. Setiap bentuk batas alam dengan bangsa lain. Massif Central adalah sebuah dataran tinggi pegunungan besar di daerah pusat, yang meliputi gunung berapi kuno daerah Auvergne. Sementara sebagian besar negara berada dalam zona sedang, daerah Mediterania dianggap memiliki iklim subtropis. Keempat sungai utama adalah Sungai Seine, Loire, Garonne, dan Rhône. Angin yang menyapu seluruh wilayah regional dan memiliki nama yang terhubung ke identitas regional, yang terkenal yang paling le Mistral di lembah Rhône.
Demografi. Pada tahun 1999, penduduk 58.518.748. Perancis memiliki kepadatan penduduk rendah dibandingkan dengan negara-negara lain di Eropa Barat. Dalam upaya untuk mempertahankan populasi Facebook, tunjangan keluarga diberikan kepada setiap keluarga per anak, tanpa pembatasan pendapatan. Ada mobilitas penduduk banyak dari perkotaan ke daerah pedesaan dan dari daerah ke daerah
France Perancis
region. wilayah. Populasi memiliki lebih dari dua kali lipat sejak pertengahan abad kesembilan belas, ketika 28,3 juta. Pasca-Perang Dunia II melihat periode kenaikan kesuburan dalam versi Perancis dari ledakan bayi, tetapi angka kelahiran mulai turun pada awal tahun 1970. Migrasi telah ditambahkan ke dalam populasi. Pada pergantian abad kedua puluh dan setelah Perang Dunia I, migrasi dicatat selama setengah pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk.
Linguistik Afiliasi. Bahasa resmi Perancis, yang sejauh ini bahasa mayoritas, yang telah dikenakan pada penduduk daerah sejak abad kesembilan belas. Regional bahasa dan dialek seperti Breton, Catalan, Korsika, Basque, Alsatian, dan Flemish masih digunakan, dan beberapa yang diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah daerah. Hukum 11 Januari 1951 diizinkan pengajaran bahasa daerah di daerah di mana mereka digunakan. Update terbaru dari kebijakan bahasa nasional mengenai pendidikan datang pada tahun 1995, yang memungkinkan pengajaran bahasa daerah di tingkat primer dan sekunder. Dalam semua kasus, ini adalah secara sukarela untuk murid.
Bangsa ini secara historis telah dibagi menjadi dua daerah linguistik: bahwa langue yang d'oeil ke utara dan bahwa dari langue d'oc ke selatan. Identitas nasional erat diidentifikasi dengan bahasa Perancis. Kemurnian bahasa secara resmi dilindungi oleh Académie Française didirikan oleh Kardinal Richelieu pada abad ketujuh belas, yang memerintah empat puluh anggota dimasukkannya kata-kata baru dalam bahasa itu. In 1966, Pada tahun 1966, pemerintah menerapkan pengamanan lebih lanjut dengan membentuk komisi pada bahasa Perancis yang berperan untuk mencegah pinjaman dari bahasa Inggris dan franglais (kombinasi dari dua bahasa). Para Toubon hukum Tahun 1994 mengamanatkan bahwa Perancis diucapkan dalam semua resmi, ruang publik kehidupan. Negara Perancis juga telah memainkan peran dalam perlindungan Francophonie global Mitterrand. Kemudian presiden François mendirikan Haut Conseil de la Francophonie tahun 1984, yang mensponsori pertemuan puncak antara negara-negara berbahasa Prancis.
Simbolisme. Simbol nasional Banyak berhubungan dengan Revolusi Perancis, yang mendirikan negara sebagai republik demokratis pada akhir abad kedelapan belas. Mereka lebih diperkuat selama Republik Ketiga pada pergantian abad kedua puluh. Dikenal sebagai tricoleur itu, bendera adalah biru, putih, dan merah. Putih dikaitkan dengan monarki, merah dengan republik, dan biru dengan Charlemagne, Clovis, dan penguasa menjadi awal lainnya. La Marseillaise lagu kebangsaan resmi pada tahun 1946. Itu ditulis di Strasbourg pada tahun 1792 namun menjadi terkait dengan Marseille ketika pasukan dari kota yang masuk Paris menyanyikan lagu itu pada tanggal 30 Juli 1792. Itu adalah lagu mengerahkan penting selama Republik Pertama tetapi tidak digunakan pada acara-acara resmi lagi sampai Republik Ketiga. Ayam Galia (le coq gaulois) menjadi terkait dengan bangsa selama Renaissance. Itu digunakan pada awalnya sebagai simbol kerajaan tetapi selama revolusi datang untuk berdiri untuk identitas bangsa. Digunakan bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu dan kadang-kadang terkait dengan sosok Liberty atau Marianne, ayam kemudian dikenal sebagai simbol bangsa selama Perang Dunia I. Hari ini sering digunakan oleh tim olahraga.
" Marianne adalah simbol republik sebagai ibu pertiwi dan berdiri untuk teriakan ", kesetaraan kebebasan, persaudaraan. Marianne menjadi simbol nasional resmi selama Republik Ketiga, meskipun angka ini perempuan dikembangkan dari simbol wanita dating kembali ke masa revolusi. Ada beberapa cara yang menggambarkan angka ini. Patung dan gambar telah digambarkan Marianne sebagai memakai helm dan pada waktu lain kap Frigia, selama Republik Ketiga, ia mulai terlihat mengenakan mahkota gandum matang. Sejak abad kesembilan belas, walikota telah menugaskan patung Marianne untuk ruang kota mereka. Sekarang patung ini menggambarkan model yang populer, yang pertama di antaranya adalah Brigitte Bardot. Model terbaru, dipilih pada tahun 1999 setelah banyak diskusi dan perdebatan, adalah aktris Laetitia Casta.
History and Ethnic Relations Sejarah dan Hubungan Etnis
Munculnya Bangsa. Munculnya bangsa modern berlangsung selama beberapa abad dan menghasilkan dari kombinasi pengaruh budaya Galia, Roma, dan kaum Frank.. Perancis dihuni terutama oleh Galia, sebuah kelompok bahasa Celtic, ketika Roma menaklukan wilayah itu dimulai pada abad pertama SM: The-Roman Gallo periode yang berakhir ketika orang-orang Frank mulai memasuki wilayah dari Jermanik timur selama lima abad, yang dipimpin oleh Clovis.
Istilah "France" berasal dari kaum Frank dan telah memiliki tiga makna sejarah. Ini disebut daerah sekitar Paris; wilayah Île-de-France, yang pada mulanya merupakan kadipaten, dan wilayah yang dikenal sebagai kerajaan Perancis, diperintah oleh Hugh Capet dan keturunannya. Perjanjian Verdun di 843 mendirikan kerajaan "Barat Francia" saat tanah dibagi antara ahli waris anak Charlemagne, Louis yang Saleh. Periode abad pertengahan adalah salah satu dari fragmentasi politik bahkan sebagai birokrasi administrasi negara tumbuh. Gereja mendukung berbagai penguasa, yang mengklaim aturan ilahi. Setelah serangkaian panjang perang, Perancis dicapai kesatuan politik pada abad keenam belas di bawah Louis XIV. Perancis menjadi bahasa resmi, menggantikan bahasa Latin pada dokumen resmi, di tahun 1539. Revolusi tahun 1789 didirikan Republik Pertama dan menghapuskan monarki. Upaya untuk membentuk Pertama dan Kedua Empires oleh Napoleon dan keponakannya akhirnya lebih dari-diputar oleh Republik Ketiga (1870-1940). Periode ini melibatkan rasa tinggi identitas nasional, dengan kembali ke nilai-nilai republiken revolusi. Ini juga merupakan periode ekspansi kolonial tinggi ke Afrika dan Asia. Selama Perang Dunia II, dengan pendudukan Jerman dan rezim Vichy bawah Petain, ada krisis identitas nasional dan bergerak ke arah penolakan terhadap cita-cita revolusi. Sebuah Republik Keempat dibentuk kembali setelah kemerdekaan pada akhir perang, dan ini menyebabkan Republik Kelima saat ini, yang pertama presiden adalah Charles de Gaulle, terpilih pada tahun 1958.
Le Puy lies in the volcanic mountains of south-central France. Le Puy terletak di pegunungan vulkanik-tengah Perancis selatan.
" Perancis mengalami masa kemakmuran ekonomi setelah Perang Dunia II dikenal sebagai "tiga puluh tahun yang mulia. Ini juga merupakan saat eksodus pedesaan, urbanisasi diperluas, dan perubahan sosial-budaya penting. Peristiwa Mei 1968 ditandai krisis dalam identitas nasional sebagai pekerja dan mahasiswa gelisah untuk masyarakat yang lebih terbuka dan setara.
Identitas Nasional identitas. Nasional dihubungkan dengan pengertian tentang kewarganegaraan, yang didirikan selama revolusi. Kriteria asli termasuk faktor-faktor seperti jenis kelamin, tempat lahir, umur, dan jumlah properti. Kewarganegaraan saat ini tergantung pada bukti tetua dan tempat tinggal. The national identity is based on several factors, including a concept of shared ancestry coming from the Gallic and Frankish past and territorial roots in the countryside, a shared national language and culture, and the ideals of the revolution. Identitas nasional didasarkan pada beberapa faktor, termasuk konsep leluhur bersama berasal dari Galia dan akar masa lalu dan teritorial kaum Frank di pedesaan, bahasa nasional bersama dan budaya, dan cita-cita revolusi. It has also been shaped by religious conflicts between Catholics, Protestants, and Jews and by religious versus secular influences on government, especially in the realm of education. Juga telah dibentuk oleh konflik agama antara Katolik, Protestan, dan Yahudi dan oleh pengaruh agama versus sekuler pada pemerintah, terutama di bidang pendidikan. Current national identity is primarily an invention of the Third Republic and has been shaken by various events in recent history. identitas nasional kini terutama penemuan Republik Ketiga dan telah terguncang oleh berbagai peristiwa dalam sejarah. The degree to which a coherent national identity has existed is debatable despite the assimilationist policies of the government. Sejauh mana identitas nasional yang koheren telah ada masih bisa diperdebatkan meskipun kebijakan asimilatif pemerintah. Linguistic unity was achieved less than a century ago, and regional languages and cultural practices persist. Linguistik persatuan dicapai kurang dari satu abad yang lalu, dan bahasa daerah dan praktek-praktek budaya bertahan. The growth of the European Union (EU) and the influx of immigrants eventually will lead to a revised view of what it means to be French. Pertumbuhan Uni Eropa (UE) dan masuknya imigran pada akhirnya akan mengarah ke tampilan revisi apa artinya menjadi orang Prancis.
An important element of national identity is the identity card. Unsur penting dari identitas nasional adalah kartu identitas. Each person on French soil must carry on his or her person a card or document that demonstrates citizenship or another legal status, such as a visa or EU passport. Setiap orang di tanah Prancis harus terus orang nya kartu atau dokumen yang menunjukkan kewarganegaraan atau status hukum lain, seperti paspor visa atau Uni Eropa. The police have the right to stop anyone at any time to demand to see these documents. Polisi memiliki hak untuk menghentikan siapa pun setiap saat untuk permintaan untuk melihat dokumen-dokumen.
Ethnic Relations. In a multiethnic state, there are two major types of ethnic group identity: that which is associated with territorial groups claiming a separate identity from the dominant French identity and that which is associated with immigrants, such as North Africans. Hubungan Etnis:. Dalam multietnis negara, ada dua jenis utama kelompok etnis identitas yang dikaitkan dengan kelompok teritorial mengklaim identitas terpisah dari identitas Perancis dominan dan yang yang berhubungan dengan imigran, seperti Afrika Utara. Conflict between the centralized state and regional groups such as the Corsicans, Bretons, and Basques heightened toward the end of the twentieth century, when political autonomy became a major movement. Konflik antara negara yang tersentralisasi dan kelompok regional seperti Corsicans, Breton, dan Basque meningkat menjelang akhir abad kedua puluh, ketika otonomi politik menjadi gerakan utama. Corsica has won the right to limited administrative autonomy. Corsica telah memenangkan hak untuk otonomi administrasi terbatas.
About 4.5 million foreigners live in France. Sekitar 4,5 juta orang asing tinggal di Perancis. These immigrants have come from various nations. Imigran ini datang dari berbagai bangsa. The country has offered political asylum to peoples such as Cambodians and Czechs. Negara ini telah menawarkan suaka politik kepada masyarakat seperti Kamboja dan Ceko. The largest immigrant groups are the Portuguese, Algerians, Moroccans, Spanish, Italians, and Tunisians. Kelompok-kelompok imigran terbesar adalah Portugis, Aljazair, Maroko, Spanyol, Italia, dan Tunisia. One of the most significant conflicts has been in the area of religious freedom for Islamic groups. Salah satu konflik yang paling signifikan telah di bidang kebebasan beragama bagi kelompok-kelompok Islam. The "scarf affair" of 1989, in which three Muslim girls were expelled from high school because they refused to take off their head scarves, drew attention to the conflict between the secular state school system and the religious beliefs of immigrants. The "syal urusan" Tahun 1989, di mana tiga anak perempuan Muslim diusir dari sekolah tinggi karena mereka menolak untuk melepas jilbab mereka, menarik perhatian pada konflik antara sistem sekolah negara sekuler dan keyakinan agama imigran.
Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space Urbanism, Architecture, dan Penggunaan Space
There has long been a dichotomy between Paris and the rest of the nation or between Paris and the provinces. Ada telah lama menjadi dikotomi antara Paris dan seluruh bangsa atau antara Paris dan provinsi. Paris is by far the major urban center, with Lyon following. Paris adalah sejauh pusat kota besar, dengan mengikuti Lyon. Not until the 1960s did the urban population surpass the rural population. Tidak sampai tahun 1960-an itu penduduk kota melebihi penduduk pedesaan. Four-fifths of the population now lives in urban areas. Empat-perlima penduduk sekarang tinggal di perkotaan. More than half the urban population lives in suburbs, however. Lebih dari separuh penduduk perkotaan tinggal di pinggiran kota, namun. A movement of population back to rural areas, if not back to farming, has existed since the 1970s. Sebuah pergerakan penduduk kembali ke daerah pedesaan, jika tidak kembali ke pertanian, telah ada sejak tahun 1970. Only 3 percent of the population is employed in agriculture. Hanya 3 persen dari populasi yang bekerja di bidang pertanian. Regions and cities are linked through an extensive rail system controlled by Societé Nationale des Chemins de Fer de France (SNCF). Wilayah dan kota-kota dihubungkan melalui sistem kereta api yang luas dikendalikan oleh Societé Nationale des Chemins de Fer de France (SNCF). It is headquartered in Paris, with twenty-three regional areas. Hal ini bermarkas di Paris, dengan 23 wilayah regional. High-speed trains (TGV) link Paris with Lyons, Bordeaux, Calais, Strasbourg, and Montpellier/Marseille-Lyon. Kereta kecepatan tinggi (TGV) Link Paris dengan Lyon, Bordeaux, Calais, Strasbourg, dan Montpellier / Marseille-Lyon. Paris is now linked through the English Channel tunnel to the United Kingdom. Paris sekarang terkait melalui terowongan Selat Inggris ke Inggris. Several major highways built during the last few decades have improved movement by car. Beberapa jalan raya utama yang dibangun selama beberapa dekade terakhir telah meningkatkan gerakan dengan mobil.
Architecture ranges from the grand works of the powerful in the cities, such as the Versailles palace and the new National Library in Paris, to the vernacular architecture of rural areas. Arsitektur berkisar dari karya-karya besar dari kuat di kota-kota, seperti istana Versailles dan Perpustakaan Nasional yang baru di Paris, dengan arsitektur vernakular daerah pedesaan. Buildings dating from the period of state building in the Third Republic are particularly symbolic of nationalism. Bangunan yang berasal dari periode bangunan negara dalam Republik Ketiga sangat simbolis nasionalisme. The architecture of public primary schools built at the turn of the century in small towns and villages symbolizes the presence of the nation-state at the local level. Arsitektur sekolah dasar negeri dibangun pada pergantian abad di kota-kota kecil dan desa-desa melambangkan kehadiran negara-bangsa di tingkat lokal. These buildings also house the mayor's office. Bangunan-bangunan juga rumah kantor walikota. Churches symbolize the power of the Catholic Church, from Notre Dame in Paris to the village churches whose steeples once dominated the countryside. Gereja melambangkan kekuasaan Gereja Katolik, dari Notre Dame di Paris dengan menara gereja desa yang pernah mendominasi pedesaan. Vernacular rural architecture varies from region to region, reflecting climate, family forms, and cultural values. arsitektur vernakular pedesaan bervariasi dari daerah ke daerah, yang mencerminkan iklim, bentuk keluarga, dan nilai-nilai budaya. Just as each local region had a local dialect, it had its own style of barns and houses. Sama seperti setiap wilayah lokal memiliki dialek lokal, itu gaya sendiri lumbung dan rumah.
The use of space in rural areas varies considerably. Penggunaan ruang di daerah pedesaan sangat bervariasi. There is a stark contrast between the south, where there is more open socializing outdoors and in cafés and a stricter gender division of spatial use, and the north, where there is less of an emphasis on these factors. Ada perbedaan yang nyata antara selatan, di mana ada lebih bersosialisasi di luar ruangan terbuka dan di kafe dan pembagian gender ketat pemanfaatan ruang, dan utara, di mana ada yang kurang dari penekanan pada faktor-faktor ini. In southern areas, where men tend to associate in cafés or in the town square, married women were traditionally not present in such public spheres but were confined to the household. Di daerah selatan, dimana laki-laki cenderung berasosiasi di kafe atau di alun-alun kota, perempuan menikah secara tradisional tidak hadir dalam ruang publik seperti tetapi terbatas pada rumah tangga. Across the country, however, there is a strong emphasis on privacy within the walls of the house or foyer . Di seluruh negeri, namun, ada penekanan kuat pada privasi dalam dinding-dinding rumah atau foyer. Personal space and intimacy are connected, and close friends and relatives have much closeness and physical contact. Personal ruang dan keintiman yang terhubung, dan teman-teman dekat dan keluarga memiliki kedekatan banyak dan kontak fisik. Acquaintances and intimates are distinguished, and a high degree of formality is used with acquaintances. Kenalan dan kawan-kawan karib dibedakan, dan tingkat tinggi formalitas digunakan dengan kenalan.
Food and Economy Makanan dan Ekonomi
Food in Daily Life. Food plays a major role in the country's social life. Makanan di Daily Life. Pangan memainkan peran utama dalam kehidupan sosial negeri ini. Wine and cheese are sources of national pride and reflect regional differences. Anggur dan keju adalah sumber kebanggaan nasional dan mencerminkan perbedaan regional. Meals are ritualized, and full of social and cultural meaning. Makanan ritual, dan penuh makna sosial dan budaya. There are also political aspects to the meaning of food. Ada juga aspek politik untuk arti makanan. For instance, there has recently been much concern about the quality of "engineered" food and a rejection of foods that have been genetically altered. Misalnya, baru-baru ini ada kekhawatiran banyak tentang kualitas makanan "direkayasa" dan penolakan terhadap makanan yang telah diubah secara genetik. Another recent concern has been la vache folle (mad cow disease); the French have rejected the importation of English beef, which has been a major issue in the EU. Keprihatinan lain baru-baru ini telah la vache folle (penyakit sapi gila), Perancis telah menolak impor daging sapi Inggris, yang telah menjadi isu utama di Uni Eropa.
Breton girls in costumes for a festival. Breton gadis di kostum untuk festival. Each commune generally holds a festival during the year. Setiap komune umumnya memegang sebuah festival sepanjang tahun.
The three main meals are le petit déjeuner (break-fast), le déjeuner (lunch), and le dîner (dinner). Tiga makanan utama adalah le petit déjeuner (break-cepat), le déjeuner (makan siang), dan le restoran (makan malam). Although the midday meal had great importance in an agricultural economy and is still the main meal in rural areas, there is a tendency for families to eat the largest meal in the evening. Meskipun makan siang mempunyai pengaruh penting dalam perekonomian pertanian dan masih merupakan makanan utama di daerah pedesaan, ada kecenderungan bagi keluarga untuk makan makanan terbesar di malam hari. Breakfast is a light meal of bread, cereal, yogurt, and coffee or hot chocolate. Sarapan adalah makanan ringan roti, sereal, yogurt, dan kopi atau cokelat panas. Lunch and dinner generally involve several courses, at minimum a first course ( l'entree ) and a main dish ( le plat ), followed by cheese and/or dessert. Makan siang dan makan malam umumnya melibatkan beberapa kursus, minimal kursus pertama (l'hidangan utama) dan hidangan utama (le plat), diikuti dengan keju dan / atau dessert. In restaurants, it is common to have a price that includes all these courses, with a choice of dishes. Di restoran, adalah umum untuk memiliki harga yang mencakup semua kursus-kursus ini, dengan pilihan hidangan. Children eat a snack after school, le goûter or quatre-heures, which usually includes cookies, bread and jam or chocolate, and a drink. Anak-anak makan snack setelah sekolah, le goûter atau-Quatre heures, yang biasanya termasuk cookies, roti dan selai atau coklat, dan minuman.
Meals involve a succession of courses eaten one at a time. Makanan melibatkan suksesi program dimakan satu per satu. A typical family meal starts with a soup, followed by vegetables and a meat dish and then a salad, cheese, and dessert. Makanan khas keluarga dimulai dengan sup, diikuti oleh sayuran dan hidangan daging dan kemudian salad, keju, dan makanan penutup. Wine is commonly served at meals. Wine biasanya disajikan saat makan. Children begin to drink wine during family dinners in their early teens, often drinking wine diluted with water. Anak-anak mulai minum anggur saat makan malam keluarga pada remaja awal, sering minum anggur diencerkan dengan air. Most daily food preparation is done by wives and mothers in family settings even if both spouses work full-time. Sebagian besar persiapan makanan sehari-hari dilakukan oleh istri dan ibu dalam pengaturan keluarga bahkan jika kedua pasangan bekerja penuh-waktu. The need to prepare wholesome meals that reflect traditional values is an increasing source of stress for working women who feel pressed for time. Kebutuhan untuk menyiapkan makanan sehat yang mencerminkan nilai-nilai tradisional adalah sumber bertambahnya tegangan untuk bekerja wanita yang merasa terdesak waktu. Convenience foods are becoming more prevalent, and fast food is a growing trend. Kenyamanan makanan menjadi lebih umum, dan makanan cepat saji adalah tren yang sedang berkembang.
Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Large family gatherings and dinner parties involve more elaborate food preparation and more courses than daily family meals. Makanan Pabean di Upacara Occasions dan keluarga besar. Acara pesta makan malam melibatkan persiapan makanan yang lebih rumit dan program lebih dari makanan keluarga sehari-hari. At such occasions, drink is more important. Pada kesempatan tersebut, minum lebih penting. An apéritif is served with small snacks or appetizers before the meal. minuman beralkohol disajikan dengan makanan kecil atau makanan pembuka sebelum makan. Different regions have particular apéritifs : pastis is associated with southern France, and Suze (gentian liqueur) with the Auvergne. daerah yang berbeda memiliki apéritifs khusus: pastis dikaitkan dengan Perancis selatan, dan Suze (gentian minuman keras) dengan Auvergne. Wines complement the courses. Wines melengkapi program. Champagne often is served to mark ceremonial occasions and is drunk after the meal. Champagne sering disajikan untuk menandai kesempatan upacara dan diminum setelah makan. This is followed by coffee and a digestif (liqueur). Ini diikuti dengan kopi dan digestif (minuman keras). It is not uncommon for ceremonial meals to last three or more hours. Hal ini tidak biasa untuk makan seremonial berlangsung tiga jam atau lebih. In Normandy, a tradition that involves having a drink of calvados after each course further lengthens the meal. Di Normandia, sebuah tradisi yang melibatkan memiliki minuman Calvados setelah setiap kursus lebih lanjut memperpanjang makan.
Holidays are associated with special foods. Hari Libur berhubungan dengan makanan khusus. Elaborate meals are served on Christmas Eve by Catholic families who attend midnight Mass. These meals involve salmon, oysters, turkey, and la bûche de noël cake. Teliti makanan disajikan pada malam Natal oleh keluarga Katolik yang menghadiri Misa tengah malam makan ini melibatkan salmon, kerang, kalkun, dan la Buche de Noël kue. In many regions, crêpes are eaten on 2 February, the Feast of the Virgin. Di banyak daerah, crepes dimakan pada tanggal 2 Februari, Pesta Perawan. The ceremonial nature and symbolism of food are evident in rural wedding ceremonies. Sifat seremonial dan simbolisme makanan yang jelas dalam upacara pernikahan pedesaan. Often, mixtures of food and drink are presented to the wedding couple in a chamber pot in the early hours of the morning after the wedding. Seringkali, campuran makanan dan minuman disajikan untuk pasangan pernikahan di pot ruang di jam-jam awal pagi setelah pernikahan. These mixtures can include champagne and chocolate or savory soups with carrots and onion. Campuran ini dapat mencakup sampanye dan coklat atau sup gurih dengan wortel dan bawang.
In many rural regions, it is still common for families to slaughter a pig each winter and make sausages, patés, hams, roasts, and chops for freezing. Di daerah pedesaan, masih umum bagi keluarga untuk menyembelih seekor babi setiap musim dingin dan membuat sosis, pate, ham, daging panggang, dan potongan daging untuk pembekuan. These are ceremonial occasions, and each person who helps the family is given a portion of the pig. Ini adalah kesempatan upacara, dan setiap orang yang membantu keluarga diberikan sebagian dari babi.
Basic Economy. The "thirty glorious years" of expansion of industry after World War II ended with the oil crises of the 1970s. Dasar Ekonomi. The "tiga puluh tahun yang mulia" ekspansi industri setelah Perang Dunia II berakhir dengan krisis minyak tahun 1970-an. Since then, the country has rebuilt its economy and has one of the four leading economies in Western Europe. Sejak itu, negara telah membangun kembali ekonomi dan memiliki salah satu dari empat ekonomi terkemuka di Eropa Barat. Most of the gross national product (GNP) comes from services, with industry generating one fourth of the GNP. Sebagian besar produk nasional bruto (PNB) berasal dari jasa, dengan industri menghasilkan seperempat dari GNP. France is also a major agricultural nation and is self-sufficient in this sector. Perancis juga negara pertanian utama dan mandiri di sektor ini. Agriculture now accounts for less than 3 percent of the GNP, however. Pertanian kini mengisi kurang dari 3 persen dari GNP, namun. The major agricultural crop is wheat. Tanaman pertanian utama adalah gandum. High unemployment has plagued the country since the 1970s, particularly among youth. Pengangguran yang tinggi telah melanda negara itu sejak tahun 1970-an, khususnya di kalangan kaum muda. The unemployment rate was almost 13 percent in 1997. Tingkat pengangguran hampir 13 persen pada tahun 1997. Inclusion in the EU has had a major impact on the economy, opening some markets and restricting others. Inklusi di Uni Eropa telah berdampak besar terhadap perekonomian, pembukaan beberapa pasar dan membatasi orang lain. In 2002, France will convert from the franc to the euro for all financial transactions. Pada tahun 2002, Perancis akan mengkonversi dari franc ke euro untuk semua transaksi keuangan. After several decades of nationalization of major industries, France deregulated those sectors in the 1990s, to create a freer market. Setelah beberapa dekade nasionalisasi industri-industri besar, Perancis deregulasi sektor-sektor pada 1990-an, untuk menciptakan pasar bebas.
Land Tenure and Property. Until the middle of the twentieth century, agriculture was dominated by small holdings and family farms. Penguasaan Tanah dan Properti. Sampai pertengahan abad kedua puluh, pertanian didominasi oleh lahan kecil dan peternakan keluarga. Two factors have affected rural land holdings since World War II. Dua faktor telah mempengaruhi kepemilikan tanah di pedesaan sejak Perang Dunia II. There has been an acceleration of the rural exodus leading to a strong migration toward cities, along with a consolidation of farm lands that had been scattered through inheritance patterns. Ada percepatan Eksodus pedesaan mengarah ke migrasi kuat terhadap kota-kota, bersama dengan konsolidasi tanah pertanian yang telah tersebar melalui pola warisan. This was called le remembrement and was more successful in some regions than in others. Ini disebut le remembrement dan lebih sukses di beberapa daerah dari pada orang lain.
Commercial Activities. There are many small businesses and shops on city streets, and street markets thrive in the major cities. Kegiatan komersial. Ada banyak usaha kecil dan toko-toko di jalan-jalan kota, dan pasar jalanan berkembang di kota-kota besar. In the centers of towns, small shops and specialty boutiques abound. Di pusat-pusat kota, toko-toko kecil dan butik khusus berlimpah. However, there are also large hypermarchés or grandes surfaces at the outskirts of most cities that sell food, clothing, and furniture. Namun, ada juga hypermarchés besar atau permukaan Grandes di pinggiran kota yang paling yang menjual makanan, pakaian, dan mebel. Prices are fixed in stores for the most part, but at markets there is still a lot of bargaining. Harga adalah tetap di toko-toko untuk sebagian besar, tetapi di pasar masih banyak tawar-menawar. The commercial services of rural villages have declined during the last twenty years, as a result of depopulation and the attraction of new chain stores. Layanan komersial pedesaan telah menurun selama dua puluh tahun terakhir, sebagai akibat dari depopulasi dan daya tarik toko rantai baru. Increasingly, the butchers, bakers, and grocers have closed shop, and people make purchases in small shopping markets or travel to the nearest city to buy less expensive goods. Semakin, tukang daging, tukang roti, dan toko telah tutup toko, dan orang-orang melakukan pembelian di pasar belanja kecil atau perjalanan ke kota terdekat untuk membeli barang lebih murah.
Major Industries. Industry historically was centered in the northeast and eastern part of the nation, primarily in Paris, Lille, and Lyon. Mayor Industri. Perindustrian historis dipusatkan di bagian timur laut dan timur bangsa, terutama di Paris, Lille, dan Lyon. This has changed with the penetration of industry into the hinterlands and the south. Ini telah berubah dengan penetrasi industri ke daerah pedalaman dan selatan. The leading industries are steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aeronautics, electronics, mining, and textiles. Industri terkemuka adalah baja, mesin, bahan kimia, mobil, metalurgi, aeronautika, elektronik, pertambangan, dan tekstil. Tourism is a growing industry in the countryside. Pariwisata adalah industri yang berkembang di pedesaan. Food processing and agribusiness are important to the national economy. pengolahan Makanan dan agribisnis yang penting bagi perekonomian nasional. The government controls several industrial sectors, including railroads, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunications. Pemerintah mengontrol sektor industri, termasuk kereta api, listrik, pesawat terbang, dan telekomunikasi. A move toward privatizing these industries has been under way since the early 1990s. Sebuah bergerak ke arah privatisasi industri-industri ini telah berlangsung sejak awal 1990-an.
Trade. Although the country traditionally took a protectionist stance toward trade and did not play a major role in the world economy, this has changed with the opening of markets through the European Economic Community and the Common Market. Perdagangan,. Para Meskipun negara proteksionis tradisional mengambil sikap terhadap perdagangan dan tidak memainkan peran utama di dunia perekonomian ini telah berubah dengan pembukaan pasar melalui Masyarakat Ekonomi Eropa dan Pasar Bersama. Foreign trade grew during the 1950s, under de Gaulle, and by the mid-1960s, France was the fourth largest exporter in the world. Perdagangan Luar Negeri tumbuh selama tahun 1950, di bawah de Gaulle, dan pada pertengahan 1960-an, Perancis adalah eksportir terbesar keempat di dunia. Most exports Sebagian besar ekspor
Men working at a vineyard in France. Pria bekerja di sebuah kebun anggur di Perancis. French wine is a source of national pride and an important part of both simple and elaborate meals. anggur Perancis merupakan sumber kebanggaan nasional dan bagian penting dari kedua dan rumit makanan sederhana.
today go to Europe rather than to former colonies. hari ini pergi ke Eropa daripada bekas koloni. During the economic crisis of the 1980s, the balance of trade favored imports, but in recent years exports have grown. Selama krisis ekonomi tahun 1980-an, neraca perdagangan disukai impor, tetapi dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ekspor telah tumbuh. The major exports are manufactured goods, including cars and luxury items such as clothing, perfume, and jewelry. Ekspor utama barang diproduksi, termasuk mobil dan barang-barang mewah seperti pakaian, parfum, dan perhiasan. Wheat and dairy products are also major exports. Gandum dan produk susu juga ekspor utama. The country imports raw materials such as oil and agricultural products, as well as machinery, chemicals, and iron and steel products. Negara ini impor bahan baku seperti minyak dan produk pertanian, serta mesin, bahan kimia, dan besi dan produk baja.
Division of Labor. Employment is categorized by the eight PCS (professions and socioprofessional categories): farmers; artisans, small shopkeepers, and small business managers; professionals; middle management; white-collar workers; manual workers; unemployed persons who have never worked; and military personnel. Tenaga Kerja. Divisi Kerja dikategorikan oleh delapan PCS (profesi dan kategori socioprofessional): petani, pengrajin, penjaga toko kecil, dan manajer usaha kecil, profesional, manajemen menengah, pekerja kerah putih; pekerja manual, orang pengangguran yang belum pernah bekerja; dan personel militer. While the nation had a large agricultural population well into the twentieth century, only 3 percent of the people now work in that sector, although 10 percent of the population works in either agriculture or agribusiness. Sementara bangsa memiliki populasi pertanian yang besar baik ke abad kedua puluh, hanya 3 persen orang sekarang bekerja di sektor itu, meskipun 10 persen penduduk bekerja di pertanian atau agribisnis. Unemployment (almost 12 percent in 1998) is higher among women and youth. Pengangguran (hampir 12 persen pada tahun 1998) yang lebih tinggi di antara perempuan dan pemuda. Labor unions are strong. Serikat pekerja yang kuat. The current thirty-nine-hour workweek will fall to thirty-five hours in 2002. Pekan kerja tiga puluh sembilan-jam saat ini akan jatuh ke tiga puluh lima jam pada tahun 2002.
Social Stratification Stratifikasi sosial
Classes and Castes. France is a class-stratified society whose middle class did not develop significantly until the 1960s. Kelas dan Kasta adalah. Perancis suatu-bertingkat masyarakat kelas yang kelas menengah tidak berkembang secara signifikan sampai tahun 1960-an. Historically, society was divided among the nobility, the bourgeoisie , the peasants, and the urban proletariat. Secara historis, masyarakat terbagi antara kaum bangsawan, kaum borjuis, para petani, dan kaum proletar perkotaan. The French system was the basis for much of Karl Marx's analysis of class struggles during the nineteenth century. Sistem Perancis banyak dasar bagi analisis Karl Marx tentang perjuangan kelas selama abad kesembilan belas. The dominant class now is referred to as the bourgeoisie, although this term is difficult to define. Kelas dominan sekarang adalah disebut sebagai kaum borjuis, meskipun istilah ini sulit untuk didefinisikan. Primarily, this class is considered to be the group that controls education and industry. Terutama, kelas ini dianggap sebagai kelompok yang mengontrol pendidikan dan industri. A major source of debate is the issue of social mobility for people of different social origins. Sumber utama dari debat adalah masalah mobilitas sosial bagi orang-orang dari asal-usul sosial yang berbeda. Statistics indicate that there is still a strong tendency for children to remain in the occupational class of their parents. Statistik menunjukkan bahwa masih ada kecenderungan kuat untuk anak-anak untuk tetap berada di kelas pekerjaan orang tua mereka. For instance, in 1994, almost 50 percent of the children of workers became workers; only 9 percent of them became elite workers. Sebagai contoh, pada tahun 1994, hampir 50 persen dari anak-anak pekerja menjadi pekerja; hanya 9 persen dari mereka menjadi pekerja elit. Fifty-six percent of the children of elite workers became elite workers. Lima puluh enam persen dari anak-anak pekerja elit menjadi pekerja elit. The school system is blamed for the lack of social mobility. Sistem sekolah disalahkan atas kurangnya mobilitas sosial.
Symbols of Social Stratification. Social stratification has two main axes: urban versus rural and economic class position. Stratifikasi Sosial. Simbol stratifikasi sosial memiliki dua sumbu utama: pedesaan dan ekonomi kelas posisi versus perkotaan. The urban upper class generally has ties to provincial seats of power. Kelas atas perkotaan umumnya memiliki hubungan dengan provinsi kursi kekuasaan. The bourgeoisie establish the major tenets of good taste and refinement, of being "civilized." Borjuasi menetapkan prinsip utama dari rasa yang baik dan perbaikan, menjadi "beradab." One's taste in music, art, food, and leisure activities generally reveals one's social class origins. selera seseorang di musik, seni, makanan, dan kegiatan santai umumnya mengungkapkan asal-usul kelas sosial seseorang. Symbols of a higher class position include knowing not only about fine art but about the newest trends in avant-garde art, understanding and being able to purchase fine wines, and dressing with understatement while revealing refined aesthetic sensibilities. Simbol dari posisi kelas yang lebih tinggi termasuk tidak hanya mengetahui tentang seni rupa tapi tentang tren terbaru dalam seni avant-garde, pemahaman dan mampu membeli anggur berkualitas, dan ganti dengan pernyataan sementara menunjukkan kepekaan estetika halus. Class consciousness is very strong. Kelas kesadaran sangat kuat. "Symbolic capital" plays a large role in social class, and not only wealth but family connections and lifestyle determine one's social position and opportunities. "Modal simbolik" memainkan peran besar dalam kelas sosial, dan bukan hanya kekayaan tapi hubungan keluarga dan gaya hidup menentukan posisi sosial seseorang dan kesempatan.
Political Life Politik Life
Government. France operates under the constitution of the Fifth Republic, which was established in 1958. Pemerintah. Perancis beroperasi di bawah konstitusi Republik Kelima, yang didirikan pada tahun 1958. The government is highly centralized, although the 1982 act of decentralization transferred more power to the regions and communes. Pemerintah sangat terpusat, meskipun tindakan 1982 desentralisasi kekuasaan yang lebih dialihkan ke daerah dan komune. Paris is the capital city. Paris adalah ibu kota. The administration of the governmental system is organized through the levels of nation, region, department, arrondissement, canton, and commune. Administrasi sistem pemerintahan diatur melalui tingkat bangsa, wilayah, departemen, arrondissement, Kanton, dan komune. The commune is the smallest administrative level. komune adalah tingkat administrasi terkecil. This system of political administration dates back to the French Revolution. Sistem administrasi politik tanggal kembali ke Revolusi Perancis. The state controls several state-owned companies in the areas of transportation, energy, and communications. Negara mengontrol perusahaan milik negara beberapa bidang transportasi, energi, dan komunikasi. Thirty percent of the workforce is employed by the state. Tiga puluh persen dari angkatan kerja yang dipekerjakan oleh negara. The state bureaucracy is complex and is run by an administrative elite trained at the National School of Administration (ENA). Birokrasi negara adalah kompleks dan dijalankan oleh elit administrasi dilatih di Sekolah Administrasi Nasional (ENA).
The executive branch includes the president and the prime minister. Cabang eksekutif termasuk presiden dan perdana menteri. The president is elected for a seven-year term by popular vote. Presiden dipilih untuk masa tujuh tahun oleh suara rakyat. The prime minister is appointed by the president and serves as head of the government. Perdana menteri diangkat oleh presiden dan berfungsi sebagai kepala pemerintah. In recent years, a form of political "cohabitation" has developed, in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, suatu bentuk politik "kohabitasi" telah berkembang, di mana presiden dan perdana menteri berasal dari partai politik yang berbeda. The prime minister selects the ministers and secretaries of state, with approval by the president. Perdana Menteri memilih menteri dan sekretaris negara, dengan persetujuan oleh presiden. Legislative power resides in a bicameral parliament composed of the Assemblée Nationale (National Assembly) and the Senat (Senate). Kekuasaan legislatif berada di sebuah parlemen bikameral terdiri dari Assemblée Nationale (National Assembly) dan Senat (Senat). The deputies of the Assemblée Nationale are elected by popular vote for five-year terms; senators are elected though an electoral college system for nine-year terms. Para wakil dari Nationale Assemblée dipilih oleh suara terbanyak untuk masa jabatan lima tahun; senator dipilih meskipun sistem electoral college untuk masa sembilan tahun.
The twenty-two metropolitan regions, which recently received a formal role in government, are each composed of several departments. Dua puluh dua daerah metropolitan, yang baru-baru ini menerima peran formal dalam pemerintahan, masing-masing terdiri dari beberapa departemen. A region is headed by a regional prefect and served by elected regional council members who represent the departments. Sebuah wilayah dipimpin oleh seorang prefek regional dan dilayani oleh dipilih anggota dewan daerah yang mewakili departemen. The regional council elects a president of the council. Dewan daerah memilih seorang presiden dewan. The department is headed by a prefect, and each canton elects a council member to serve at that level. Departemen ini dipimpin oleh prefek, dan masing-masing canton memilih anggota dewan untuk melayani pada tingkat itu. Communes elect a mayor and a municipal council. Komune memilih walikota dan dewan kota. There are a little over 36,000 communes, and their populations can range in size from under one thousand to that of a large city. Ada sedikit di atas 36.000 komune, dan populasi mereka dapat berbagai ukuran dari bawah seribu dengan sebuah kota besar. The vast majority of communes are in the countryside. Sebagian besar komune di pedesaan.
Leadership and Political Officials. France is politically divided between the right and the left. Kepemimpinan dan Politik Pejabat. Perancis secara politis terbagi antara kanan dan kiri. There are five major political parties. Ada lima partai politik besar. To the far right is the Front National (FN), which has been growing in power since the 1980s under the leadership of Jean-Marie Le Pen. Untuk yang paling kanan adalah Front Nasional (FN), yang telah berkembang di berkuasa sejak tahun 1980-an di bawah pimpinan Jean-Marie Le Pen. The two major parties on the democratic right are the Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) founded by Jacques Chirac in 1976 and the Union pour la Democratie Française (UDF) founded by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in 1978. Dua partai besar di kanan demokrasi adalah Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) didirikan oleh Jacques Chirac pada tahun 1976 dan Uni pour la Democratie Perancis (UDF) didirikan oleh Valéry Giscard d'Estaing pada tahun 1978. On the left, there is the Parti Socialiste (PS) and the Parti Communiste Française (PCF). Di sebelah kiri, ada Socialiste Parti (PS) dan Parti Communiste Française (PCF). In 1981, the PS replaced the earlier SFIO, led by François Mitterrand. Pada tahun 1981, PS menggantikan SFIO sebelumnya, dipimpin oleh François Mitterrand. The Communist Party was formed in 1920. Partai Komunis dibentuk pada 1920.
Political leaders rise to power by gaining election at the local level, and then accruing more political titles. Para pemimpin politik naik ke kekuasaan dengan mendapatkan pemilihan di tingkat lokal, dan kemudian menimbulkan lebih banyak judul politik. It is possible for a politician to hold more than one office at different levels simultaneously, and this is a common method for gaining political support. Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk politisi untuk menyimpan lebih dari satu kantor pada tingkat yang berbeda secara bersamaan, dan ini adalah metode umum untuk mendapatkan dukungan politik. Election to office depends on social networks, as well as on the personal charisma of the politician. Pemilihan ke kantor tergantung pada jaringan sosial, serta pada karisma pribadi politisi. The concept of "legitimacy" is crucial; to be viewed as a legitimate candidate is to have local roots and a strong social network. Konsep "legitimasi" sangat penting, untuk dipandang sebagai calon yang sah adalah memiliki akar lokal dan jaringan sosial yang kuat. A successful politician must make good use of symbolism and ritual in order to embody various ideals. Seorang politisi yang berhasil harus membuat baik penggunaan simbolisme dan ritual dalam rangka mewujudkan cita-cita berbagai. A high degree of formality is associated with political office, and interactions with elected officials require correct etiquette. Tingkat tinggi formalitas dikaitkan dengan jabatan politik, dan interaksi dengan pejabat terpilih memerlukan etiket yang benar. One should, for instance, address a mayor as Monsieur or Madame le Mayor. Orang harus, misalnya, alamat seorang walikota sebagai Monsieur atau Madame le Walikota.
Social Problems and Control. The police are a noticeable presence, particularly in urban areas and transport centers such as airports and subway stations. Masalah Sosial dan Kontrol. Polisi adalah kehadiran nyata, khususnya di daerah perkotaan dan pusat-pusat transportasi seperti bandara dan stasiun kereta bawah tanah. Visibly armed, they have the right to stop any person to demand to see documents of identity. Tampak bersenjata, mereka memiliki hak untuk menghentikan setiap orang yang menuntut untuk melihat dokumen identitas. The police force is divided between those who work for the minister of the interior and those who work for the minister of defense ( gendarmes ). Angkatan kepolisian dibagi antara mereka yang bekerja untuk menteri dalam negeri dan mereka yang bekerja untuk menteri pertahanan (gendarme). There is also a National Security Police force (CRS) that is called in during demonstrations and strikes, which occur frequently. Ada juga Keamanan Nasional Kepolisian (CRS) yang disebut di dalam demonstrasi dan pemogokan, yang sering terjadi. An important form of political protest, demonstrations often disrupt urban streets and highways. Suatu bentuk penting dari protes politik, demonstrasi sering mengganggu jalan-jalan perkotaan dan jalan raya. Labor unions are strong, and striking workers regularly stop social services, such as trash pickup and public transportation, and access to public buildings, such as museums. Serikat pekerja yang kuat, dan pekerja mencolok teratur menghentikan layanan sosial, seperti pickup sampah dan transportasi publik, dan akses ke gedung-gedung publik, seperti museum.
People at an outdoor café in France. Orang-orang di kafe outdoor di Perancis. Cafés are social centers for men in southern France and are also popular among tourists. Kafe merupakan pusat sosial untuk laki-laki di Perancis selatan dan juga populer di kalangan wisatawan.
Major social problems include AIDS, homelessness, and terrorism. Masalah utama sosial termasuk AIDS, tunawisma, dan terorisme. The rate of violent crimes such as homicide is low. Terrorist attacks and bombings occur randomly, if infrequently and were at their height most recently during the Gulf War. The National Security Police justify their strong military presence as a deterrent to terrorism.
Military Activity. The president is the commander in chief of the military, and the minister of defense reports directly to the president. France has an army, navy, and air force. It also contributes to the United Nations military forces and is in the NATO alliance, although its relationship to NATO has been precarious at times. France was involved in several armed conflicts during the twentieth century. After the first and second world wars, it was involved in colonial wars in Algeria and Indochina. The draft is being phased out and will disappear in 2002. Universal compulsory military service for a period of at least sixteen months has been mandatory for all eighteen-year-old males and marked an important rite of passage into adulthood.
Social Welfare and Change Programs Kesejahteraan Sosial dan Program Perubahan
There is an elaborate social welfare program. The social security system was formed in 1946. It is funded not by the state but by employers and workers directly. There are several plans, which vary with one's level of employment and professional status. A minimum level of income is assured for the unemployed and destitute under the RMI (Revenue Minimum d'Insertin), the unemployment assistance payment that is paid for through taxation. Benefits of the social security system include family allowances (paid per child), infant allowances for pregnant women and newborns, single-parent supplements, benefits for sickness and disability, and unemployment insurance.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations Organisasi nonpemerintah dan Asosiasi Lainnya
About half the people belong to a voluntary association, including political parties, and there are 800,000 associations. The 1901 Law of Associations regulates noneconomic activities such as sports clubs, cultural groups, and other clubs. There are clubs for immigrants, the elderly, youth, and leisure activities. Much of civic life is organized through associations.
Gender Roles and Statuses Gender Peran dan Status
Division of Labor by Gender. Peasant households traditionally had a strict gender division of labor
Architectural view of Pierrefont Castle, a reminder of the wars that have punctuated French history.
that was incorporated into community life, with the family farm being both a kinship unit and an economic unit. Husband and wife generally worked together, sometimes participating in different tasks related to agricultural labor. The degree to which gender segregation in daily life was upheld varied by region. In general, women carried out domestic tasks of housekeeping, food preparation, and child care; however, they also were involved in farm labor, such as harvesting and tending young animals. With the growth of industrialization, family farms involved much less cooperation between husband and wife in economic activities. A separation of the domestic sphere from the place of work and the growth of wage earning changed the household division of labor. Women worked outside the home as washerwomen, factory workers, and domestics. In bourgeois families in the nineteenth century, husbands controlled wealth and their wives were dependent on them, having limited autonomy in the raising of the children. Today, almost half of all workers are female and the dual-career family is becoming the norm. Women continue to face inequalities in the job market, with lower wages than men for comparable work and more difficult career paths. Women are rare in the highest-paid professions and dominate in clerical work, social work, and primary teaching. There have been proposals for a "maternal wage" that would compensate housewives for their labor.
The Relative Status of Women and Men. The Napoleonic Code of 1803 denied power to women in marriage, and women did not gain the right to vote until 1944. Only in the 1960s did wives gain the right to open bank accounts or work without the husband's permission. The Badinter Law of 1985 established equal rights for women in marriage. The feminist movement has slowly made advances but continues to struggle. The degree to which farm women have lower status than males is a subject of debate. Economic and cultural factors influence the power of women at the level of the family and community.
Marriage, Family, and Kinship Perkawinan, Keluarga, dan Kekerabatan
Marriage. Marriage rates and age at marriage are related to socioeconomic class and region. Overall, the marriage rate is declining and the age at marriage is rising. The average age of marriage for men is twenty-nine, and that for women is twenty-seven. Women tend to marry later when they seek higher education. Rural male celibacy has been associated with rural-urban migration since the 1960s. Geographic homogamy is a strong factor in marriage: Over half of all marriages involve partners from the same department. There is also a high level of religious homogamy. The divorce rate has increased in recent years, especially since a 1975 law that made the process easier and faster. One in three marriages ends in divorce. All marriages are sanctioned by a civil ceremony in the town hall. Religious ceremonies must follow the civil ceremony, so that frequently wedding parties make the trip between mayor's office and the church. Payment for the weddings of young people is most often divided equally between the families of the bride and the groom. There has been a rise in cohabitation for unmarried couples. A recent law permitting legal unions that are not marriages for couples has given legal status to cohabitating couples, including homosexual couples. The PACS ( pacte d'association civile et solidaire ) law, passed in 1999, set up an intermediate union between marriage and cohabitation. A pacte is easier to dissolve than a marriage.
Domestic Unit. The basic domestic unit is called le ménage . This includes all persons living in the same dwelling. These persons are not necessarily related. There has been a rise in single-person households since the 1960s. In 1997, 18 percent of all households were composed of single women, and 12 percent of single men. Most households, however, are composed of couples with (35 percent) or without (28 percent) children. There were three types of domestic units traditionally: the patriarchal family, the stem family, and the nuclear family, which predominates today. In the patriarchal family (a rural model that was prevalent in parts of central France), siblings stayed at home and their spouses joined the household. These large families owned property jointly. In the more hierarchical stem family, which was the most common, there was a pattern of primogeniture. The eldest son would remain in the parental home, but daughters and younger sons were obliged to seek their fortunes elsewhere. That pattern persists in some rural communities, although primogeniture has been illegal since 1804 under the Napoleonic Code. One sibling takes over the farm but "pays off" the parts of the patrimony due to his or her siblings. The nuclear family was most prevalent in southern France and has a more egalitarian basis than the stem family. A young couple would be established in their own household by both sets of parents.
Inheritance. One of the major functions of the domestic unit is the transmission of property to children. Inheritance involves material and symbolic goods. Most property is held in the form of immovable goods such as buildings and land. Social inequalities are perpetuated through unequal access to inheritances among members of different families. Inheritance occurs not just at the death of the parents but at marriage or the setting up of a household for a young person, when loans or gifts are extended by parents. Inheritance also involves "cultural capital," including education, access to various lifestyles, and ways of speaking. Although the Napoleonic Civil Code established uniform regulation of inheritance and authority within the family and equal inheritance among siblings, there are regional variations in the application of the law.
Kin Groups. Kinship is bilateral, with kindreds being recognized as important units of social support. Kinship was historically more important for the peasantry and bourgeoisie than for workers or the petite bourgeoisie, who maintained neighborhood ties that were sometimes stronger than kin ties. Today the family plays a major role in transmitting cultural values, despite the decline in marriage and increasing geographic mobility. Most people continue to live in the region in which they grew up even if they move from a village to a city. Weekend visits to parents and grandparents are common. There is much diversity in the meaning and strength of kin ties across social class and ethnic lines. Ideologies of kinship, in which certain family forms are privileged over others, represent a critique of the kinship patterns of the working classes and immigrants.
Socialization Sosialisasi
Infant Care. Infant care is done primarily by the mother, although fathers and female relatives participate. In the past, upper-class women sent their children to wet nurses until they were weaned. Children were swaddled with various methods, depending on the region. Baptism is an important familial celebration of the birth of an infant.
Child Rearing and Education. State-sponsored schools for early childhood education begin to take children at the age of three. There are also state-subsidized child care centers for younger children. Although the influence of the family in childhood socialization is very important, there are regional and class-based variations in the methods used. In general, children have been seen as naturally "wild" and in need of learning how to behave in the proper ("civilized") way through guidance from adults. Peer socialization is as important as adult socialization, however, and children generally develop a strong peer culture. There are both public, state-run schools and private (mostly Catholic) schools, which receive some state aid if they follow the state curriculum. Public education was established as mandatory, free, and secular by the Ferry laws of the late nineteenth century. Education is controlled by the Ministry of Education and Research, with the exception of agricultural education, which is under the Ministry of Agriculture. There are three levels of public schooling: the primary school, the college, and the lycee. Schooling is mandatory until age sixteen.
Higher Education. Students receive a higher education after they have completed secondary schooling and successfully taken one of several examinations to earn a baccalaureat. Historically, higher education was divided between universities and grandes écoles. Decentralization efforts have been under way to counter the domination of Paris over academic research and teaching. Provincial centers of learning have grown and received increased funding. About 10 percent of all students are foreign. With the growth of the European Union, education initiatives have fostered partnerships between French universities and universities in other European nations.
Etiquette Etiket
In French, " etiquette " means both "etiquette" and "ceremony." Social class distinctions determine the importance of various forms of correct social behavior. In general when people greet each other, they shake hands or embrace with a kiss on both cheeks (called faire la bise ). Kissing is only done when two people are close friends or relatives. For the most part, the embrace is done only the first time in a day in which one sees someone and is not repeated again until one says good-bye. There is also formality in verbal greetings, so that one shows respect by adding "Madam," "Monsieur," or "Mademoiselle" to any greeting. There are important public and private distinctions. In public spaces, one generally does not smile at strangers or make eye contact with them (for instance, in the subway or bus) and should keep one's voice low when speaking. Privacy is also maintained in homes, so that doors to bedrooms and bathrooms are kept closed. When shopping in smaller stores, the buyer generally greets the proprietor upon entry, and the proprietor helps the client choose the goods to be purchased. It is less common to have free access in a store, although the growth of large hypermarkets and shopping malls is changing this custom.
Religion Agama
Religious Beliefs. France has been dominated by the influence of the Catholic Church, yet the constitution declares it to be a "secular" country. Secularism does not reject religion but attempts to bar any single religion from gaining political control. The minister of the interior is also the minister of religions, an office established to ensure the representation of various creeds. About 80 percent of the population is Roman Catholic. The second largest religion in terms of adherents is Islam. There are about a million Protestants; 700,000 Jews; and 200,000 Orthodox (Russian and Greek) Christians. There is also a significant Buddhist population. About 15 percent of the population claims the status of a nonbeliever. Religious practice has diminished during the last fifty years, and less than 10 percent of the population attends religious services.
The dominance of Catholicism is historically linked to the conversion of Clovis in 496. In most of the country, communes began as parishes, and most rural villages see the local church building as a symbol of local identity. The church bell rings to mark deaths, wars, and weddings. French history is marked by religious struggles between Catholics and Protestants, especially during the wars of religion in the sixteenth century. Many Protestants fled during the seventeenth century, when their religious rights were rescinded by Louis XIV.
The French Revolution in the eighteenth century was in part a reaction to the power and wealth of the Catholic Church. The 1905 law passed during the Third Republic officially separated church and state. The split between republicans, who supported a secular state, and antirepublicans, who were conservative and Catholic, was strong at the local level in Catholic regions such as Brittany during the turn of the century. Anti-Semitism is symbolized by the Dreyfus Affair, which was sparked at end of the nineteenth century by the false conviction for spying and imprisonment under a death sentence of a Jewish army officer. This divided republican and antirepublican factions across the nation. Anti-Semitism was prevalent during the Vichy regime and has resurfaced with the neofascist Front National.
Folk religion varies by region. Witchcraft beliefs persist in some regions, such as the Vendée. Many Catholic regions combine elements of folk religion and Catholicism in their belief systems.
Religious Practitioners. Because of the strong influence of the Catholic Church, priests are the most important religious practitioners at the local level.
Characteristic stone buildings in the village of Lot. Privacy is strongly valued in French households.
The village priest was historically a major presence in rural areas. The triad of priest, mayor, and schoolmaster was a feature of village life in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Strong anticlerical beliefs, particularly in southern areas, challenged this status. A shortage of priests has reached a crisis point. Reflecting this shortage as well as the decline in religious participation, few village churches hold regular services or have a village priest. People must travel to towns for mass.
France has a variety of religious practices. Immigrants bring new forms of both established and folk religious practices to urban areas. For Muslim immigrants in particular, religious practice is an important way to preserve one's identity in an assimilationist society. In rural areas, folk healers and diviners are consulted. New Age religions are thriving, and herbalists, massage healers, and other practitioners are growing in influence.
Rituals and Holy Places. France was the site of many pilgrimages during the Middle Ages. Most regions have historic churches that are visited regularly on holy days, with processions leading to them. Lourdes is one of the best known pilgrimage sites in the world. Located in the Pyrenees region in the southwest, it is visited by five million people each year. In 1858, the Virgin Mary appeared to a young girl, Bernadette Soubirous, at the grotto in Lourdes. This miracle inspires handicapped and ill people to visit this site and take the waters, which are believed to have healing qualities. Lourdes has a Web site where one can hear the church bells and watch the visitors.
Death and the Afterlife. The Judeo-Christian tradition dominates beliefs about the afterlife, with heaven and hell playing a major role in the cosmology. In traditional rural areas, there was a fatalist approach to death, and in many regions, such as Brittany, a "cult" of death — especially among older women. Funerals are important events, drawing from the entire community. The cemetery in France is a symbolic site of memory, often visited by older female relatives who tend to family plots. Young children often accompany grandmothers for walks through cemeteries.
Medicine and Health Care Kedokteran dan Kesehatan
The French system of social security manages health care along with family allowances, retirement benefits, and unemployment. The national health system covers medical expenses and hospitalization for French citizens, and is run by a commission composed of representatives of employers and worker organizations. Most of the time, patients
Only about 3 percent of France's population is employed in agriculture, although people have been moving back to rural areas to live since the 1970s.
pay out of pocket for services or medications, and are then reimbursed according to a schedule of rates. Supplemental private health insurance is purchased by many people. There are both public and private hospitals in France, with the latter charging higher fees. The health care system is funded by social security payments taken from wages. Health care is very good in France, since most people have free access to it. Life expectancy is high—80.9 years for women and 72.7 for men.
Death resulting from complications of alcoholism remains a major factor in mortality rates in France, third after heart disease and cancer. The major health issues in France in the past few decades have been AIDS ( SIDA ) and access to birth control. The rate of AIDS in France ranks second after the United States among industrialized countries. The HIV virus was first identified at the Institut Louis Pasteur in Paris, a major scientific research institute.
The sale of birth control and legalization of abortion came much later in France than in other industrialized nations. The role of the Catholic Church in this is important, as is the influence of the women's movement on the changes in policy. Birth control was first permitted to be sold in 1967, and abortion did not become legal until 1975.
Secular Celebrations Sekuler Perayaan
France has several civic holidays ( jours feriés ), when schools, museums, and stores close. These public holidays, which include some with a religious origin, are: le Jour de l'An—1 January; May Day or Labor Day—1 May; World War II Victory Day—8 May; Easter (date varies); Ascension Day (after Easter); Pentecost Monday; Bastille Day—14 July; Assumption Day—15 August; All Saints Day or Toussaint—1 November; Armistice Day—11 November; and Christmas—25 December. Along with Bastille Day, Armistice Day is the most patriotic of these holidays, marking the end of World War I. There are speeches and parades in local communities involving local dignitaries and veterans, who place a wreath on the war memorial.
Bastille Day is the most important national holiday, celebrated in every commune with town dances, fireworks, and other festivities. On this day, there is a parade down the Champs-Elysée in Paris, involving the President and other dignitaries. Bastille Day marks the storming of the state prison, known as Bastille, by the citizens of Paris during the French Revolution. Known popularly as the 14th of July ( le quatorze juillet ), Bastille Day celebrates the overthrow of monarchy and the beginnings of the French Republic.
Each commune in France generally holds a town festival during the year. In some regions, these incorporate religious and secular symbolisms. There are dances, parades, sports competitions, and other activities.
The Arts and Humanities Seni dan Humaniora
Support for the Arts. There is a great deal of support for the arts in France at the state, regional, and municipal levels. The French Ministry of Culture funds artists as well as restoration projects and museums.
Literature. Oral traditions and folktales predominated in pre-modern France. Up until the mid-twentieth century, rural communities held veillées, in which neighbors gathered in someone's home around the hearth to trade stories and tales. French written literature is considered one of the greatest world traditions. The first works of literature in French were the Chansons de Geste of the eleventh century, a series of epic poems. During the Renaissance, France's great national literature flourished with works by François Rabelais, Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, and Pierre de Ronsard. Enlightenment writers such as Voltaire, Montesquieu (Charles-Louis de Secondat), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau helped to shape a national consciousness during this time. Nineteenth-century writers took up themes of struggles between social classes, clerical and anticlerical forces, and conservatives and liberals. They also developed a form of realist writing that charted the various regional differences, and urban-rural splits, in France. François-Auguste-René de Chateaubriand, Madame de Staël, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), Honoréde Balzac, and Gustave Flaubert were the great novelists of this period. Poets included Charles-Pierre Baudelaire, Alphonse-Marie-Louis de Prat Lamartine, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Verlaine, and Stéphane Mallarmé. Earlier twentieth century writers include Marcel Proust, Anatole France, Jules Romains, Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, François Mauriac, Louis-Ferdinand Celine, and André-Georges Malraux. French existentialism during the postwar period is associated with writers Albert Camus and Simone de Beauvoir. The so-called "new novel" came to the fore in the 1950s and its representatives include Nathalie Sarraute and Alain Robbe-Grillet.
France gives several literary prizes each year. These include the Goncourt, the Renaudot, the Medicis, and the Femina.
Graphic Arts. France's most important graphic art forms are painting, sculpture, and architecture. The prehistory of French art is also important, including the famous cave paintings in southwestern France. The nineteenth century period of Romanticism in painting is associated with Eugène Delacroix and Jean-Auguste Ingres. Paintings of peasant life flourished during this century, particularly in the work of Jean Courbet and Jean-François Millet. Impressionism, in which color and light became important, is associated with Claude Monet, (Jean) Pierre Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissaro, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, and Morissette. Postimpressionism followed later in the century, with works by Henri Matisse, Paul Cézanne, Georges Seurat, and Pierre Bonnard. Great twentieth century painters include Georges Braque, and Jean Dubuffet. The most famous French sculptor is Auguste Rodin.
Performance Arts. Theater and dance have a strong tradition in France, both in the classical sense and in the realm of folklife. As in most of France's cultural life, Paris dominates the grand traditions of theater. France's great dramatists include Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, Molière, Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas pere and fils, Jean Anouilh, and Jean Genet. The Comédie Française in Paris still presents the classic works of Molière and Racine. Opera is also popular in France, cutting across social class. Street theater, pageants, and regional theatrical productions flourish in the provinces. The city of Toulouse is particularly well-known for its performance arts. French cinema is subsidized more highly by the state than other European movie industries, and the French have access to more nationally-produced films than their neighbors. Many French cities hold movie festivals during the year, the most famous being that in Cannes in early summer.
The State of the Physical and Social Sciences Negara Ilmu Fisik dan Sosial
Most scientific research is supported and sponsored in France through the network of the CNRS (Center for National Research). Scientific research is also funded by the CNES (French National Space Agency) and INSERM (the National Institute for Health and Medical Research). France is among the four world leaders in scientific funding. The CNRS has funded many laboratories in which winners of Nobel prizes and Fields medal for mathematics have worked. CNRS (including the research institutes it funds) and French universities are the major sources of support for scientific research. Very often, professors and researchers at universities also have appointments at CNRS. There is, however, a series of exams that one must pass in order to enter into the CNRS.
French ethnographic research in France is funded by the Mission du Patrimoine Ethnologique, which is part of the Ministry of Culture. The Mission participates in the journal Ethnologie Francaise and publishes its own journal, Terrain. It also publishes books in association with the Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, an institute for advanced research in Paris. Another major site for the anthropology of France is LAIOS, the Anthropological Laboratory for the Study of Institutions and Social Organizations in Paris.
Read more: Kebudayaan Prancis - tradisional, sejarah, orang, pakaian, tradisi, perempuan, keyakinan, makanan, adat istiadat http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&langpair=en%7Cid&rurl=translate.google.co.id&u=http://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/France.html&usg=ALkJrhi9D4C96YraRqG_C7lZGUdf7i9-0w#ixzz1JqZ2LoSH
DJ Got Us Falling in Love-usher feat Pitbull
Usher (yeah man)
So we back in the club
Get that bodies rockin from side to side (side to side)
Thank God the week is done
I feel like a zombie gone back to life (back to life)
Hands up, and suddenly we all got our hands up
No control of my body
Ain’t I seen you before?
I think I remember those eyes, eyes, eyes, eyes
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Yeah, baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
So dance, dance, like it’s the last, last night of your life, life
Gonna get you right
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Keep downing drinks like this
Not tomorrow that just right now, now, now, now, now, now
Gonna set the roof on fire
Gonna burn this mother fucker down, down, down, down, down, down
Hands up, when the music drops
We both put our hands up
Put your hands on my body
Swear I seen you before
I think I remember those eyes, eyes, eyes, eyes
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Yeah, baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
So dance, dance, like it’s the last, last night of your life, life
Gonna get you right
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Usher Dj Got Us Falling In Love lyrics found on http://www.directlyrics.com/usher-dj-got-us-fallin-in-love-lyrics.html
[PITBULL]
In the cover of the music
Get naked baby
I’m sorry chica
Better holla at Tyrone
Let him know how I jump through your foot loop
Scolla chico two can
We’re from the blocka blocka o polaca
Were the boys get loose like wacka flacka
Oh no man, it’s global
Was’ up
Colale flacka
I wanna be your giant, no not your dada
Dale abre ai
Papa Nicholas baby
Let me see
Yo soi un Jaunito
Que stato taito
Yo freco, no OK
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Yeah, baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
So dance, dance, like it’s the last, last night of your life, life
Gonna get you right
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Yeah, baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
So dance, dance, like it’s the last, last night of your life, life
Gonna get you right
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Yeah, thank you DJ
So we back in the club
Get that bodies rockin from side to side (side to side)
Thank God the week is done
I feel like a zombie gone back to life (back to life)
Hands up, and suddenly we all got our hands up
No control of my body
Ain’t I seen you before?
I think I remember those eyes, eyes, eyes, eyes
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Yeah, baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
So dance, dance, like it’s the last, last night of your life, life
Gonna get you right
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Keep downing drinks like this
Not tomorrow that just right now, now, now, now, now, now
Gonna set the roof on fire
Gonna burn this mother fucker down, down, down, down, down, down
Hands up, when the music drops
We both put our hands up
Put your hands on my body
Swear I seen you before
I think I remember those eyes, eyes, eyes, eyes
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Yeah, baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
So dance, dance, like it’s the last, last night of your life, life
Gonna get you right
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Usher Dj Got Us Falling In Love lyrics found on http://www.directlyrics.com/usher-dj-got-us-fallin-in-love-lyrics.html
[PITBULL]
In the cover of the music
Get naked baby
I’m sorry chica
Better holla at Tyrone
Let him know how I jump through your foot loop
Scolla chico two can
We’re from the blocka blocka o polaca
Were the boys get loose like wacka flacka
Oh no man, it’s global
Was’ up
Colale flacka
I wanna be your giant, no not your dada
Dale abre ai
Papa Nicholas baby
Let me see
Yo soi un Jaunito
Que stato taito
Yo freco, no OK
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Yeah, baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
So dance, dance, like it’s the last, last night of your life, life
Gonna get you right
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Yeah, baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
So dance, dance, like it’s the last, last night of your life, life
Gonna get you right
Cause baby tonight, the DJ got us falling in love again
Yeah, thank you DJ
LINKING VERB
Linking verbs adalah verba penghubung yang menghubungkan subjek dengan complement (pelengkap) yang menerangkannya, bisa noun complement atau adjective complement. Sering digunakan untuk menggantikan to be dan dipakai untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan panca indra (look, sound, smell, feel, taste) atau keadaan (appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, remain, keep, stay, go, run).
Linking verbs juga dikenal dengan istilah copulas atau copular verbs.
Contoh dalam kalimat:
- I feel happy.
- I keep health.
- The soup smells good.
- This food tastes delicious.
- She looks very beautiful.
- The music sounds slow.
- He becomes old.
- The traffic lights turned green and I pulled away.
- He became recognized as the leading authority on the subject.
- His face turned purple.
- She became older.
- The dogs ran wild.
- The milk has gone sour.
- The crowd grew ugly.
Linking verbs selalu intransitive (tetapi tidak semua intransitive verbs adalah linking verbs).
To be juga disebut linking verbs, seperti pada contoh berikut ini:
- The crew’s mission is to create the best topographic map of Earth.
- The solution was judges who would mete out longer prison sentences.
- Leonardo said, “I am the king of the world.”
Tetapi to be juga tidak selalu berperan sebagai linking verbs, contoh:
- Nyoko was crossing a bridge when the earthquake hit.
- Margaret Ann was feeling tired.
Linking Verbs
A linking Verb adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai pengubung antara Subject dengan Predicate-nya. Contoh dalam kalimat: "Cewek itu cantik." atau "The girl beautiful". Pada kalimat itu belum ada verb-nya, sehingga diperlukan 'Linking Verb.
The girl is beautiful. (atau)
The girl looks beautiful.
Linking verbs dibedakan menjadi:
To be is, am, are, was, were
non- to be become, appear, look, taste, smell, seem, remain, prove,
Apa perbedaan penggunaan dari keduanya?
Linking Verb (to be) dipakai untuk menghubungkan antara Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'NOUN' or GERUND, 'ADJECTIVE', 'ADVERB' or 'Prepositional Phrase'.
He is my friend (Noun)
My hobby is reading. (Gerund)
They are happy. (Adjective)
She is here. (Adverb)
We are in the classroom. (Adverb/ prep. phrase
Linking Verb (non-to be) hanya dipakai untuk menghubungkan Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'ADJECTIVE'.
She looks beautiful.
It smells good.
They seem lazy.
Linking verbs juga dikenal dengan istilah copulas atau copular verbs.
Contoh dalam kalimat:
- I feel happy.
- I keep health.
- The soup smells good.
- This food tastes delicious.
- She looks very beautiful.
- The music sounds slow.
- He becomes old.
- The traffic lights turned green and I pulled away.
- He became recognized as the leading authority on the subject.
- His face turned purple.
- She became older.
- The dogs ran wild.
- The milk has gone sour.
- The crowd grew ugly.
Linking verbs selalu intransitive (tetapi tidak semua intransitive verbs adalah linking verbs).
To be juga disebut linking verbs, seperti pada contoh berikut ini:
- The crew’s mission is to create the best topographic map of Earth.
- The solution was judges who would mete out longer prison sentences.
- Leonardo said, “I am the king of the world.”
Tetapi to be juga tidak selalu berperan sebagai linking verbs, contoh:
- Nyoko was crossing a bridge when the earthquake hit.
- Margaret Ann was feeling tired.
Linking Verbs
A linking Verb adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai pengubung antara Subject dengan Predicate-nya. Contoh dalam kalimat: "Cewek itu cantik." atau "The girl beautiful". Pada kalimat itu belum ada verb-nya, sehingga diperlukan 'Linking Verb.
The girl is beautiful. (atau)
The girl looks beautiful.
Linking verbs dibedakan menjadi:
To be is, am, are, was, were
non- to be become, appear, look, taste, smell, seem, remain, prove,
Apa perbedaan penggunaan dari keduanya?
Linking Verb (to be) dipakai untuk menghubungkan antara Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'NOUN' or GERUND, 'ADJECTIVE', 'ADVERB' or 'Prepositional Phrase'.
He is my friend (Noun)
My hobby is reading. (Gerund)
They are happy. (Adjective)
She is here. (Adverb)
We are in the classroom. (Adverb/ prep. phrase
Linking Verb (non-to be) hanya dipakai untuk menghubungkan Subject dan Predicate yang berasal dari jenis kata 'ADJECTIVE'.
She looks beautiful.
It smells good.
They seem lazy.
Republik Perancis
Perancis, secara resmi Republik Perancis (bahasa Perancis: République française, ejaan Perancis: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), merupakan sebuah negara yang teritori metropolitannya terletak di Eropa Barat dan juga memiliki berbagai pulau dan teritori seberang laut yang terletak di benua lain.[1] Perancis Metropolitan memanjang dari Laut Mediterania hingga Selat Inggris dan Laut Utara, dan dari Rhine ke Samudera Atlantik. Orang Perancis sering menyebut Perancis Metropolitan sebagai "L'Hexagone" ("Heksagon") karena bentuk geometris teritorinya. Perancis adalah sebuah republik kesatuan semi-presidensia yang tidak punya presiden. Ideologi utamanya tercantum dalam Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia dan Warga Negara.
Perancis berbatasan dengan Belgia, Luksemburg, Jerman, Swiss, Italia, Monako, Andorra, dan Spanyol. Karena memiliki departemen seberang laut, Perancis juga berbagi perbatasan tanah dengan Brazil dan Suriname (berbatasan dengan Guyana Perancis), dan Antillen Belanda (berbatasan dengan Saint-Martin). Perancis juga terhubung dengan Britania Raya oleh Terowongan Channel, yang berada di bawah Selat Inggris.
Perancis telah menjadi salah satu kekuatan terbesar dunia sejak pertengahan abad ke-17. Di abad ke-18 dan 19, Perancis membuat salah satu imperium kolonial terbesar saat itu, membentang sepanjang Afrika Barat dan Asia Tenggara, memengaruhi budaya dan politik daerah. Perancis adalah negara maju, dengan ekonomi terbesar keenam (PDB nominal) atau kedelapan (PPP) terbesar di dunia. Merupakan negara yang paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia, menerima 82 juta turis asing per tahun (termasuk pelancong bisnis, tapi tak termasuk orang yang menetap kurang dari 24 jam di Perancis).[2] Perancis adalah salah satu negara pendiri Uni Eropa, dan memiliki wilayah terbesar dari semua anggota. Perancis juga negara pendiri Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, dan anggota Francophonie, G8, NATO, dan Uni Latin. Merupakan salah satu lima anggota permanen Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa; juga kekuatan nuklir yang besar dengan 360 hulu ledak aktif dan 59 pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir.
Perancis berbatasan dengan Belgia, Luksemburg, Jerman, Swiss, Italia, Monako, Andorra, dan Spanyol. Karena memiliki departemen seberang laut, Perancis juga berbagi perbatasan tanah dengan Brazil dan Suriname (berbatasan dengan Guyana Perancis), dan Antillen Belanda (berbatasan dengan Saint-Martin). Perancis juga terhubung dengan Britania Raya oleh Terowongan Channel, yang berada di bawah Selat Inggris.
Perancis telah menjadi salah satu kekuatan terbesar dunia sejak pertengahan abad ke-17. Di abad ke-18 dan 19, Perancis membuat salah satu imperium kolonial terbesar saat itu, membentang sepanjang Afrika Barat dan Asia Tenggara, memengaruhi budaya dan politik daerah. Perancis adalah negara maju, dengan ekonomi terbesar keenam (PDB nominal) atau kedelapan (PPP) terbesar di dunia. Merupakan negara yang paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia, menerima 82 juta turis asing per tahun (termasuk pelancong bisnis, tapi tak termasuk orang yang menetap kurang dari 24 jam di Perancis).[2] Perancis adalah salah satu negara pendiri Uni Eropa, dan memiliki wilayah terbesar dari semua anggota. Perancis juga negara pendiri Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, dan anggota Francophonie, G8, NATO, dan Uni Latin. Merupakan salah satu lima anggota permanen Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa; juga kekuatan nuklir yang besar dengan 360 hulu ledak aktif dan 59 pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir.
happy 4th anniversary pee wee gaskins :)
cerita singkat tentang gimana kebentuknya pwg, dikutip langsung dari blognya ka dochi
sekarang udah 4 tahunnya pwg (sebenernya 11 april kemaren)
happy anniversary, you all the best :)
1. 5 thn yg lalu gw keluar dr band yg gw bentuk 10 taun yg lalu, The Side Project
2. 5 thn di TSP membawa gw ke org2 yg akhirnya gw temui lagi di tahun2 kedepannya
3. di TSP gw bareng org2 yg skrg sukses di bandnya masing2; March, 2steps north, Teenage Death Star, Failing Forward, Kuro!
4. belajar byk ttg managing your own band & dealing with media people di TSP
5. gw keluar dr TSP 2006 krn "perang ego" disana, dan waktu itu gw lg di Singapur hampir sebulan
6. pulang dr Singapur gw ngerasa gak punya tmn, krn waktu itu gw abis diadu domba sm temen sndiri gara2 mslh simpel: cewe
gw heran, dari smp gw terkenal sering masalah gara2 cewe, entah itu deket sm cewe orang, deket sm banyak cewe sebelum akhirnya beneran pacaran, atau apalah, tp ada aja org tolol yg blg gw gay
7. akhirnya gw ngabisin hari2 gw sm sahabat gw, kebetulan rumahnya deket, dan dia cewe (jadi betah main lama2)
8. si sahabat gw yg half-australian ini yg akhirnya bikin gw semangat lg, dan akhirnya ngenalin gw ke @sherinamunaf
9. gw sempet jd session player @sherinamunaf yg secara gak langsung ngasih gw pelajaran banyak ttg industri
gw jg appear di videoklip pertama dia (versi udah gede) bareng Abdee Slank di single 'sendiri'
10. suatu hari, akhirnya gw ngerekam lagu distudio, lagu itu buat sahabat gw, dan judulnya Here Up On The Attic
11. Here Up On The Attic adalah lagu pertama yg gw bikin format band setelah keluar dr TSP
12. gw rekam bass, gitar, synth, drum, dan vokal sendiri di lagu Here Up On The Attic
13. gw inget sampe studio operatornya nanya "yg lain mana?" "engga, gw sendiri" "knp lo? ga punya temen? hahaha" "......"
14. setelah lagu itu gw kasih sahabat gw, akhirnya gw pacaran sama sahabat gw itu hehe
penggalan "just a hug and the company of being there is already enough for me" itu diambil dari diary dia waktu itu
15. lalu dia bilang "kenapa km gak jadiin ini band aja?" gw inget bilang "ga ah males punya band lagi"
16. pada waktu itu gw lebih nyaman bantu2 temen gw, males bikin band lg, waktu itu gw bantuin Killing Me Inside
kalo salah satu dari gitaris mereka gabisa manggung, gw yg gantiin (waktu itu formasinya masih Josaphat & Raka)
17. ketemu tmn2 lama gw di sebuah venue waktu gw manggung brg Killms dan gw dgr mrk nanya gini "masih aja lo main sm dochi"
18. dari situ gw lgsg kepikiran utk bikin proyek bales dendam. gw harus bikin band lagi.
19. org pertama yg gw ajak di "proyek bales dendam" ini adalah @choasansan krn gw paling deket sm dia dari dulu
20. gw gak mau @choasansan cuma nyanyi, jd gw ajak dia dgn syarat dia harus main gitar
21. gw juga gak mau kalo proyek ini terdengar sama ky yg lain, jd konsep dasarnya adalah no scream, no double pedal
22. akhirnya gw putuskan lagu2nya adalah pengembangan dari Here Up On The Attic. catchy, pop-punkish, teenish
23. akhirnya gw tes vokal @choasansan di lagu kedua yg gw tulis, Remember The Titans
24. gw dan @choasansan mulai merekrut pejuang2 lain, masuklah @rezaomo
25. @rezaomo adlh satu2nya org yg gw kenal yg jago bgt main keyboard, gw pertama kenal dia waktu gw brg Killms di News Cafe
dulu omo juga aktif nerima kerjaan organ tunggal, bahkan dia pernah ngisi acara sunatan temennya ade gw
26. pertama kali gw kenal @rezaomo gw minjem pick gitar dia krn gw lupa bawa pick
selain jago main keyboard si omo juga jago main gitarnya
27. krn gw gak deket sm @rezaomo, satu2nya cara ajak dia gabung adlh ngajak gabung Tlor yg kebetulan seband sm dia, Tlor dl jg di TSP
28. gw kasih denger Remember The Titans ke @rezaomo & Tlor, mereka setuju gabung
29. gw dan @choasansan googling utk nama band, kita cari "serial killer" cus we wanted this project to be deadly
30. 11 April 2007, gw dan @choasansan dapet nama dari hasil search google.. PEE WEE GASKINS.
31. PWG formasi awal: @choasansan, @rezaomo, @davifrisya, tlor
32. @davifrisya waktu itu msh sklh di malaysia jd kita beberapa kali pake drummer cabutan, sampe akhirnya kenal @aldykumis
33. hub gw sm band2 lain yg bersangkutan sm PWG baik, Killms, Too Late To Notice, Kacang Mede
34. gak disangka, dgn segala pengalaman dan pengetahuan yg gw dapet, proyek bales dendam ini berjalan sgt mulus
35. dan tentunya berkat temen2 yg solid, semangat yg gak gak pernah pudar, PWG jalan terus
36. keseriusan di PWG membuat @choasansan, @rezaomo, tlor, harus memilih
37. gw sempet pesimis, menganggap PWG cuma proyek sampingan dr tmn2 gw yg lain
38. Tlor adlh org yg pertama keluar, krn dia lbh mau serius sm bandnya
39. Tlor keluar beberapa hari setelah kita launching album pertama kita setahun perjalanan PWG
40. ternyata beda dgn Tlor, @choasansan memilih utk tetap di PWG :)
41. dan itu gw sadar sebagai masalah pertama PWG, fans @choasansan di Killms pasti ngamuk2 dan gak terima
42. mulai deh keluar rumor2 gak bener dan akhirnya ada yg namanya APWG
43. stlh Tlor keluar kita kekosongan pemain bass, lalu kita 2 calon, Arnold The Authentics, dan @ayimahardhika
44. @ayimahardhika aslinya main gitar, tp dia "rela" jadi bassist buat PWG, pdhl dia termasuk org yg ngremehin gw dulu hehe
sejak album Ad Astra Per Aspera, ayi kembali main gitar biar jiwa gitarisnya lebih terpakai, dan gw pun senang dapet tantangan baru: ngulik main bass
45. emng bener yg namanya "tak kenal maka tak sayang" ternyata gw sm @ayimahardhika cepet akrab
46. intinya, gw berterimakasih bgt ternyata proyek bales dendam gw ngajarin gw banyak hal dan ngerubah pola pikir gw dalam banyak hal
47. siapa sangka "pembuktian diri" ngebawa gw ke pengalaman2 dan pelajaran2 baru yg akhirnya mendewasakan gw
happy 4th anniversary PEE WEE FUKKIN GASKINS! to the stars with all we've got!
sekarang udah 4 tahunnya pwg (sebenernya 11 april kemaren)
happy anniversary, you all the best :)
1. 5 thn yg lalu gw keluar dr band yg gw bentuk 10 taun yg lalu, The Side Project
2. 5 thn di TSP membawa gw ke org2 yg akhirnya gw temui lagi di tahun2 kedepannya
3. di TSP gw bareng org2 yg skrg sukses di bandnya masing2; March, 2steps north, Teenage Death Star, Failing Forward, Kuro!
4. belajar byk ttg managing your own band & dealing with media people di TSP
5. gw keluar dr TSP 2006 krn "perang ego" disana, dan waktu itu gw lg di Singapur hampir sebulan
6. pulang dr Singapur gw ngerasa gak punya tmn, krn waktu itu gw abis diadu domba sm temen sndiri gara2 mslh simpel: cewe
gw heran, dari smp gw terkenal sering masalah gara2 cewe, entah itu deket sm cewe orang, deket sm banyak cewe sebelum akhirnya beneran pacaran, atau apalah, tp ada aja org tolol yg blg gw gay
7. akhirnya gw ngabisin hari2 gw sm sahabat gw, kebetulan rumahnya deket, dan dia cewe (jadi betah main lama2)
8. si sahabat gw yg half-australian ini yg akhirnya bikin gw semangat lg, dan akhirnya ngenalin gw ke @sherinamunaf
9. gw sempet jd session player @sherinamunaf yg secara gak langsung ngasih gw pelajaran banyak ttg industri
gw jg appear di videoklip pertama dia (versi udah gede) bareng Abdee Slank di single 'sendiri'
10. suatu hari, akhirnya gw ngerekam lagu distudio, lagu itu buat sahabat gw, dan judulnya Here Up On The Attic
11. Here Up On The Attic adalah lagu pertama yg gw bikin format band setelah keluar dr TSP
12. gw rekam bass, gitar, synth, drum, dan vokal sendiri di lagu Here Up On The Attic
13. gw inget sampe studio operatornya nanya "yg lain mana?" "engga, gw sendiri" "knp lo? ga punya temen? hahaha" "......"
14. setelah lagu itu gw kasih sahabat gw, akhirnya gw pacaran sama sahabat gw itu hehe
penggalan "just a hug and the company of being there is already enough for me" itu diambil dari diary dia waktu itu
15. lalu dia bilang "kenapa km gak jadiin ini band aja?" gw inget bilang "ga ah males punya band lagi"
16. pada waktu itu gw lebih nyaman bantu2 temen gw, males bikin band lg, waktu itu gw bantuin Killing Me Inside
kalo salah satu dari gitaris mereka gabisa manggung, gw yg gantiin (waktu itu formasinya masih Josaphat & Raka)
17. ketemu tmn2 lama gw di sebuah venue waktu gw manggung brg Killms dan gw dgr mrk nanya gini "masih aja lo main sm dochi"
18. dari situ gw lgsg kepikiran utk bikin proyek bales dendam. gw harus bikin band lagi.
19. org pertama yg gw ajak di "proyek bales dendam" ini adalah @choasansan krn gw paling deket sm dia dari dulu
20. gw gak mau @choasansan cuma nyanyi, jd gw ajak dia dgn syarat dia harus main gitar
21. gw juga gak mau kalo proyek ini terdengar sama ky yg lain, jd konsep dasarnya adalah no scream, no double pedal
22. akhirnya gw putuskan lagu2nya adalah pengembangan dari Here Up On The Attic. catchy, pop-punkish, teenish
23. akhirnya gw tes vokal @choasansan di lagu kedua yg gw tulis, Remember The Titans
24. gw dan @choasansan mulai merekrut pejuang2 lain, masuklah @rezaomo
25. @rezaomo adlh satu2nya org yg gw kenal yg jago bgt main keyboard, gw pertama kenal dia waktu gw brg Killms di News Cafe
dulu omo juga aktif nerima kerjaan organ tunggal, bahkan dia pernah ngisi acara sunatan temennya ade gw
26. pertama kali gw kenal @rezaomo gw minjem pick gitar dia krn gw lupa bawa pick
selain jago main keyboard si omo juga jago main gitarnya
27. krn gw gak deket sm @rezaomo, satu2nya cara ajak dia gabung adlh ngajak gabung Tlor yg kebetulan seband sm dia, Tlor dl jg di TSP
28. gw kasih denger Remember The Titans ke @rezaomo & Tlor, mereka setuju gabung
29. gw dan @choasansan googling utk nama band, kita cari "serial killer" cus we wanted this project to be deadly
30. 11 April 2007, gw dan @choasansan dapet nama dari hasil search google.. PEE WEE GASKINS.
31. PWG formasi awal: @choasansan, @rezaomo, @davifrisya, tlor
32. @davifrisya waktu itu msh sklh di malaysia jd kita beberapa kali pake drummer cabutan, sampe akhirnya kenal @aldykumis
33. hub gw sm band2 lain yg bersangkutan sm PWG baik, Killms, Too Late To Notice, Kacang Mede
34. gak disangka, dgn segala pengalaman dan pengetahuan yg gw dapet, proyek bales dendam ini berjalan sgt mulus
35. dan tentunya berkat temen2 yg solid, semangat yg gak gak pernah pudar, PWG jalan terus
36. keseriusan di PWG membuat @choasansan, @rezaomo, tlor, harus memilih
37. gw sempet pesimis, menganggap PWG cuma proyek sampingan dr tmn2 gw yg lain
38. Tlor adlh org yg pertama keluar, krn dia lbh mau serius sm bandnya
39. Tlor keluar beberapa hari setelah kita launching album pertama kita setahun perjalanan PWG
40. ternyata beda dgn Tlor, @choasansan memilih utk tetap di PWG :)
41. dan itu gw sadar sebagai masalah pertama PWG, fans @choasansan di Killms pasti ngamuk2 dan gak terima
42. mulai deh keluar rumor2 gak bener dan akhirnya ada yg namanya APWG
43. stlh Tlor keluar kita kekosongan pemain bass, lalu kita 2 calon, Arnold The Authentics, dan @ayimahardhika
44. @ayimahardhika aslinya main gitar, tp dia "rela" jadi bassist buat PWG, pdhl dia termasuk org yg ngremehin gw dulu hehe
sejak album Ad Astra Per Aspera, ayi kembali main gitar biar jiwa gitarisnya lebih terpakai, dan gw pun senang dapet tantangan baru: ngulik main bass
45. emng bener yg namanya "tak kenal maka tak sayang" ternyata gw sm @ayimahardhika cepet akrab
46. intinya, gw berterimakasih bgt ternyata proyek bales dendam gw ngajarin gw banyak hal dan ngerubah pola pikir gw dalam banyak hal
47. siapa sangka "pembuktian diri" ngebawa gw ke pengalaman2 dan pelajaran2 baru yg akhirnya mendewasakan gw
happy 4th anniversary PEE WEE FUKKIN GASKINS! to the stars with all we've got!
makanan-makanan khas prancis
Foie Gras : terbuat dari hati angsa
Filet Mignon : menggunakan daging porc/babi yang dilimuri sejenis bumbu dapur khas Prancis yang kemudian dimasak dengan cara seperti memasak rendang
Chavelen : terbuat dari daging kuda
Monsieur de Veau : terbuat dari daging lembu muda
Escargot de France : terbuat dari keong/siput
Keju Neufchâtel untuk membuat cheesecake khas Perancis
Brioche : roti sejenis cup cake dengan taburan gula di atas permukaannya
Baguette : roti panjang yang renyah dengan tekstur lembut di dalam
Creme Brulee : vla yang dilapisi dengan karamel keras, dibuat dari gula yang dibakar
Ray Bread : roti berbahan dasar gandum yang memerlukan zat pengasam dalam proses pembuatannya
Truffles atau "permata hitam" : jenis jamur paling terkenal dan paling mahal di Perancis, jamur tersebut tumbuh di dalam tanah di akar pohon pinus dan hazelnut dipanen saat musim salju oleh
anjing pengendus dan babi yang dilatih khusus
Caviar : telur ikan sturgeon yang diasinkan, dijual ke seluruh dunia sebagai hidangan istimewa dan digunakan sebagai garnish atau taburan
Oysters atau kerang mutiara atau tiram : diambil oleh penyelam dari dasar laut, lalu dipisahkan antara kerang yang mati dengan tiram yang dibutuhkan kemudian bisa dimakan mentah, diasapi, dibakar, dipanggang, dijadikan acar, disemur, digoreng, dikalengi, diuapi, atau digunakan untuk bermacam-macam minuman
*surupuuuut*
Filet Mignon : menggunakan daging porc/babi yang dilimuri sejenis bumbu dapur khas Prancis yang kemudian dimasak dengan cara seperti memasak rendang
Chavelen : terbuat dari daging kuda
Monsieur de Veau : terbuat dari daging lembu muda
Escargot de France : terbuat dari keong/siput
Keju Neufchâtel untuk membuat cheesecake khas Perancis
Brioche : roti sejenis cup cake dengan taburan gula di atas permukaannya
Baguette : roti panjang yang renyah dengan tekstur lembut di dalam
Creme Brulee : vla yang dilapisi dengan karamel keras, dibuat dari gula yang dibakar
Ray Bread : roti berbahan dasar gandum yang memerlukan zat pengasam dalam proses pembuatannya
Truffles atau "permata hitam" : jenis jamur paling terkenal dan paling mahal di Perancis, jamur tersebut tumbuh di dalam tanah di akar pohon pinus dan hazelnut dipanen saat musim salju oleh
anjing pengendus dan babi yang dilatih khusus
Caviar : telur ikan sturgeon yang diasinkan, dijual ke seluruh dunia sebagai hidangan istimewa dan digunakan sebagai garnish atau taburan
Oysters atau kerang mutiara atau tiram : diambil oleh penyelam dari dasar laut, lalu dipisahkan antara kerang yang mati dengan tiram yang dibutuhkan kemudian bisa dimakan mentah, diasapi, dibakar, dipanggang, dijadikan acar, disemur, digoreng, dikalengi, diuapi, atau digunakan untuk bermacam-macam minuman
*surupuuuut*
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